Cardiorespiratory Adaptations to Training

1
Cardiorespiratory Adaptations to Training

2
Cardiovascular Adaptations From Aerobic Training

• Increased cardiorespiratory endurance
• Increased muscular endurance
• Decreased VO2 at rest and submaximal exercise
• IncreasedVO2 Max
• Increased heart weight, volume, and chamber size
  
  
• Increased left ventricle wall thickness athletes
  heart
  
• Increased left ventricle EDV
• Increased blood plasma
• Increased Stroke Volume (fig. 10.3)
• from increased EDV and decreased ESV increased
  EF
  
• Frank-Starling law elastic recoil of the
  ventricle

3
Cardiovascular Adaptations From Aerobic Training

• Decreased resting heart rate
• from increased parasympathetic activity and
  decreased sympathetic activity.
  
• Decreased submaximal heart rate
• Decreased maximum heart rate of elite athletes
• if your heart rate is too fast the period of
  ventricular filling is reduced and your stroke
  volume might be compromised.
  
• the heart expends less energy by contracting less
  often but more forcibly than it would by
  contracting more often.
  
• Decreased Heart Rate Recovery (fig. 10.5)

4
Cardiovascular Adaptations From Aerobic Training

• Maintained cardiac output at rest and submaximal
  exercise
  
• Increased cardiac output during maximal exercise
• Increased blood flow to the muscles
• increased capillarization of trained muscles
• greater opening of existing capillaries in
  trained muscles
  
• more effective blood redistribution
• increased blood volume
• decreased blood viscosity increased oxygen
  delivery
  
• Decreased resting blood pressure, but is
  unchanged during exercise
  
• from increased blood flow

5
Cardiovascular Adaptations From Aerobic Training

• Increased blood volume (blood plasma) and is
  greater with more intense levels of training
  
• increased release of antidiuretic hormone
• increased plasma proteins which help retain blood
  fluid
  
• increased red blood cell volume
• decreased blood viscosity

6
Respiratory Adaptations From Aerobic Training

• Respiratory system functioning usually does not
  limit performance because ventilation can be
  increased to a greater extent than cardiovascular
  function.
• Slight increase in Total lung Capacity
• Slight decrease in Residual Lung Volume
• Increased Tidal Volume at maximal exercise
  levels
  
• Decreased respiratory rate and pulmonary
  ventilation at rest and at submaximal exercise
  
• (RR) decreases because of greater pulmonary
  efficiency
  
• Increased respiratory rate and pulmonary
  ventilation at maximal exercise levels
  
• from increased tidal volume

7
Respiratory Adaptations From Aerobic Training

• Unchanged pulmonary diffusion at rest and
  submaximal exercise.
  
• Increased pulmonary diffusion during maximal
  exercise.
  
• from increased circulation and increased
  ventilation
  
• from more alveoli involved during maximal
  exercise
  
• Increased A-VO2 difference especially at maximal
  exercise.

8
Metabolic Adaptations From Aerobic Training

• Lactate threshold occurs at a higher percentage
  of VO2 Max.
  
• from a greater ability to clear lactate from the
  muscles
  
• from an increase in skeletal muscle enzymes
• Decreased Respiratory Exchange Ratio (ratio of
  carbon dioxide released to oxygen consumed)
  
• from a higher utilization of fatty acids instead
  of carbos
  
• however, the RER increases from the ability to
  perform at maximum levels of exercise for longer
  periods of time because of high lactate
  tolerance.
• Increased resting metabolic rate
• Decreased VO2 during submaximal exercise
• from a metabolic efficiency and mechanical
  efficiency

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Metabolic Adaptations From Aerobic Training

• Large increases in VO2 Max
• in mature athletes, the highest attainable VO2
  Max is reached within 8 to 18 months of heavy
  endurance training.
  
• VO2 Max is influenced by training in early
  childhood.
  
• from increased oxidative enzymes
• from increased size and number of mitochondria
• from increased blood volume, cardiac output O2
  diffusion
  
• from increased capillary density

10
Cardiorespiratory Adaptations From Anaerobic
Training

• Small increase in cardiorespiratory endurance
• Small increase in VO2 Max
• Small increases in Stroke Volume

11
Cardiorespiratory Adaptations From Resistance
Training

• Small increase in left ventricle size
• Decreased resting heart rate
• Decreased submaximal heart rate
• Decreased resting blood pressure is greater than
  from endurance training
  
• Resistance training has a positive effect on
  aerobic endurance but aerobic endurance has a
  negative effect on strength, speed and power.
  
• muscular strength is decreased
• reaction and movement times are decreased
• agility and neuromuscular coordination are
  decreased
  
• concentration and alterness are decreased

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Factors Affecting the Adaptation to Aerobic
Training

• Heredity accounts for between 25 and 50 of the
  variance in VO2 Max values.
  
• Age-Related decreases in VO2 Max might partly
  result from an age-related decrease in activity
  levels.
  
• Gender plays a small role (10 difference) in the
  VO2 Max values of male and female endurance
  athletes.
  
• There will be RESPONDERS (large improvement) and
  NONRESPONDERS (little improvement) among groups
  of people who experience identical training.
  
• The greater the Specificity of Training for a
  given sport or activity, the greater the
  improvement in performance.

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Applications to Exercise

• Breathe Right nasal strips
• head up during recovery
• O2 on the sidelines
• active recovery
• stretching before and after intense exercise
• smokers beware
• stitch in the side
• second wind
• resist the valsalva
• exercise increases the quality of life more than
  the quantity of life