Personality

1
Chapter 15

• Personality
• (Wrapup)

2
Announcements
3
Announcements

• Remember Last Day to Drop is Thursday November
  16th

4
End of Semester Roadmap

• Today Chapter 15 Wrapup Chapter 16
• Thursday Chapter 16 (Part 2) and possibly return
  Exam 3
• Chapter 17 (Psychotherapy) November 13th and 15th

5
End of Semester Roadmap

• Chapter 17 (Psychotherapy) November 8th, 13th,
  and 15th
• Chapter 18 (Social Psych) November 15th (if time
  permits)
• November 20th Review of Exam 1 Material for the
  Final

6
End of Semester Roadmap

• November 20th Review of Exam 1 Material for the
  Final
• November 22nd Thanksgiving Holiday
• November 27th Review of Exam 2 Material for the
  Final
• Exam 4 Monday November 26th through Saturday
  December 1st
• November 29th Review of Exam 3 Material for the
  Final

7
Testing
8
Did anyone try this test?

• Keirsey
• (http//www.keirsey.com/)

9
Rorschach Card 1
10
Testing (Review)

• Originally Developed from work of Trait Theorists
• A few important people in the field of testing
• Gordon Allport (Trait Theory)
• Eysenck and Eysenck (Read Textbook)
• Cattell (Developed 16PF)
• Spearman (Developed Statistical Techniques)

11
Testing

• A few important people in the field of testing
• Herman Rorschach (inkblot test)
• Alfred Binet (original develop of IQ)

12
Testing

• Which of the following was NOT an important
  figure in the field of testing?
• Gordon Allport
• B F Skinner
• Cattell
• Alfred Binet

13
Testing

• Who was the original developer of the IQ test?
• Gordon Allport
• B F Skinner
• Cattell
• Alfred Binet

14
Testing Rorschach

• Developed by a Swiss Psychiatrist
• Ten (10) cards which are highly standardized
• A Century Old
• Originally suffered from a problems with validity
  (and possibly reliably)

15
Testing Rorschach

• Solving Problems with the Rorschach
• John Exner developed a statistical or actuarial
  version of the test called The Comprehensive
  System

16
Rorschach Exner

• Although the debate continues over the Rorschach,
  here are a few notable facts
• As of the early 1990s data for over 20,000 test
  administrations had been collected and analyzed.
• Of all the projective tests, the Rorschach (by
  far) has the greatest data collected and greatest
  number of reliability and validity studies
• Only Projective Tests can be used for certain
  populations
• Illiterate Adults
• Children under a certain age, usually under about
  8 to 10 years of age

17
Rorschach Exner

• One persuasive reason to use projective tests
  such as the Rorschach
• Only Projective Tests can measure subtle aspects
  of intelligence
• Only Projective Tests can detect psychopathology
  from constellations that include non-obvious
  items
• Only Projective Tests can be used for certain
  populations
• Only Projective Tests can measure the Locus of
  Control Properly

18
Testing Factor Analysis

• Based on Correlation
• Part of a family of related statistical
  techniques including
• Principal Components Analysis
• Cluster Analysis
• Discriminant Analysis (Used in the MMPI)
• Canonical Correlation
• How TiVO predicts what you might like to
  watch on television
• How certain music services such as iTunes predict
  what songs you might like

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Testing Discriminant Analysis (Discrim)

• Used to Build the MMPI
• Identifies Group Membership
• Could be misused
• Possible Ethical Issues
• Also used by the financial community (to
  determine if someone should be given a loan)

20
Testing Factor Analysis Discrim

• Associated with Data Mining on the Internet
• Controversial in commercial use because of an
  invasion of privacy
• Allows prediction of traits, conduct, or behavior
  from non-obvious items
• For example, FA Discrim could be used for
  racist or sexist purposes, or to discriminate on
  basis of religion

21
Testing Factor Analysis

• Associated with many psychological tests, notably
• Eysenck Personality Inventory
• MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
  Inventory)
• Cattells 16PF
• Five Factor Personality Inventory
• Jackson Personality Inventory
• And many others

22
Factor Analysis Cattel

• Cattells 16PF (Sixteen Personality Factors) was
  the original factor analysis based personality
  test

23
Testing Factor Analysis

• Which of the following was the original factor
  analysis based personality inventory?
• Eysenck Personality Inventory
• MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
  Inventory)
• Cattells 16PF
• Five Factor Personality Inventory

24
Testing MMPI

• The MMPI was developed by the University of
  Minnesota in the 1940s by Starke R. Hathaway,
  PhD, and J. C. McKinley,
• Based on Discriminant Analysis as well as Factor
  Analysis
• Using Discrim can predict group membership
  using constellations of answers
• Has non-obvious items that contribute to
  constellations
• Has Lie Scales

25
Testing MMPI

• Structure of the MMPI
• Built on constellations of answers to
  questions, including obvious and non-obvious
  (subtle) questions
• MMPI-2 has 567 Items, all true or false, takes
  about 1 to 2 hours to complete
• Atheoretical psychological theories (Freud,
  Behaviorism, etc.) have no meaning for the MMPI
  (only Empirical Data)

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Testing MMPI

• Which of the following does NOT describe the
  MMPI
• Constellations
• true or false
• Projective
• Atheoretical

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Testing MMPI

• Ten (10) Main Scales
• Ten (10 Subsidiary Scales
• Three (3) Lie Scales
• 100s of Independently Developed Scales

28
Testing MMPI

• One Independently Developed Scale could predict,
  with 80 to 90 accuracy, membership in a group
  based on women in prison who murdered their
  husbands

29
Testing Eyesenck

• Two Scales under Eyesenck Eyesenck
• Stable v. Unstable
• Introvert v. Extravert

30
Testing Five Factor

• The Five Factor Test expanded the Eyesenck model,
  keeping Intraversion v. Extraversion but adding
  four other scales

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Testing Five Factors (p. 619)

• Conscientiousness
• Agreeableness
• Neuroticism
• Openness
• Extraversion

32
Testing Five Factors(p. 619)

• Highly Conscientiousness tend to be larks
  (morning types)
• Evening types, or owls, tend to be marginally
  more extraverted

33
Testing Five Factors(p. 619)

• Five Factor Test has withstood Cross-Cultural
  Validation
• Personality Factors are relatively stable with age

34
Testing Five Factors(p. 619)

• The Five Factor was developed using
• Canonical Correlation
• Projective Testing
• Depth Psychology
• Factor Analysis

35
Testing Validity Reliability

• Two essential characteristics of a good test are
  validity and reliability
• Reliability test produces same or similar
  results over time
• Validity test measures what it says it measures

36
Trait v. Situation (p. 619)

• Personality Trait measures are stable over time
  but do not consistently predict our reactions in
  specific situations

37
Trait v. Situation (p. 619)

• Personality Trait measures are stable over time
  but do not consistently predict our reactions in
  specific situations this is called the
  person-situation controversy (p. 620)

38
Trait v. Situation (p. 619)

• Arguments as to whether peoples behavior is more
  strongly influenced by temporary external
  influences or by enduring inner influences best
  characterize
• Reciprocal Determinism
• The person-situation controversy
• Self-serving bias
• The False Consensus Effect

39
Trait v. Situation (p. 619)

• Please review the material on pp. 619-622 on your
  own. The possiblity exists that I may derive one
  or two alternative questions from this material.
  
• Especially know and be able to compare the
  studies of Walter Mischel, Seymour Epstein, and
  Samuel Gosling

40
Reciprocal Determinism (p. 623)

• Bandura (remember Bandura?) called the process of
  interacting with our environment reciprocal
  determinism.
• Behavior, internal personal factors, and
  environmental influences all operate as
  inerlocking determinants of each other.

41
Reciprocal Determinism (pp. 623-624)

• Different people choose different environments
  (we self-select)
• And, having chosen an environment, the
  environment then shapes us
• How would this apply to environments that we do
  not choose?
• Our personalities (traits) shape how we interpret
  and react to events
• Our personalities help create situations to which
  we react

42
Reciprocal Determinism (pp. 623-624)

• Behavior emerges from an interplay of external
  and internal influences
• But, never forget Development (Chapter Four) and
  Sensation Perception (Chapters Five Six)

43
Locus of Control (pp. 625-626)

• External Locus of Control perception that chance
  or outside forces beyond ones personal control
  determine ones fate
• Internal Locus of Control the perception one
  controls ones own fate

44
Locus of Control Learned Helplessness

• First researched by Seligman
• People, when repeatedly faced with traumatic
  events over which they have no control, come to
  feel helpless, hopeless, and depressed.
• But, compare, (1) Learned Optimism, and (2)
  Frankls Logotherapy

45
Locus of Control Learned Helplessness

• Implications for
• Prisons
• Nursing Homes
• Factories
• Even Colleges

46
Locus of Control The Tyranny of Choice

• Having Control, alone, is not the answer.
  Barry Schwartz, in The Tyranny of Choice, points
  out that excessive freedom (too many choices)
  leads to more stress, not less. (p. 626)
• Simplified User Interfaces are having greater
  success
• TiVO
• Google

47
Locus of Control Learned Helplessness

• First researched by Seligman using dogs subjected
  to electric shocks
• People, when repeatedly faced with traumatic
  events over which they have no control, come to
  feel helpless, hopeless, and depressed.
• But, compare, (1) Learned Optimism, and (2)
  Frankls Logotherapy

48
Learned Optimism Seligman

• We have covered the basics of Seligmans work
  several times in class already
• Please read the material on pp. 627-629 and be
  prepared for one or more questions

49
Learned Optimism Seligman (p. 627)

• Seligman is at the University of Pennsylvania (an
  Ivy League School)
• Seligman first researched Learned Helplessness
• Seligmans original work did not account for
  survivors among his test subjects
• Seligman developed a test instrument with three
  dimensions that measured attributional style

50
Learned Optimism Seligman (p. 627)

• Seligmans Three Dimensions of Attributional
  Style
• Internal v. External (Locus of Control)
• Global v. Local
• Stable v. Unstable
• Optimist
• Good Events are Internal, Global, Stable
• Bad Events are External, Local, Unstable

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Learned Optimism Seligman (p. 627)

• Optimist
• Good Events are Internal, Global, Stable
• Bad Events are External, Local, Unstable
• Pessimist
• Good Events are External, Local Unstable
• Bad Events are Internal, Global, Stable

52
Learned Optimism Seligman (p. 627)

• Optimist
• Good things happen to me a lot, because I
  consistently do what it takes.
• Sometimes bad things happen, but I dont worry
  about things I cant control.
• Pessimist
• All good things must pass.
• I cant seem to help but make mistakes in every
  area of my life.

53
Learned Optimism Seligman (p. 627)

• Optimist
• Generally had better health
• Generally had better job performance
• Optimists outperformed Pessimists consistently
  across hundreds of studies
• Pessimist
• In only one group did the pessimists outperform
  the optimists GPAs of Law Students

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Learned Optimism Seligman (p. 627)

• Regarding Optimism, an attributional style
  described by Seligmans research, in only one
  subpopulation did pessimists outperform optimists
• Life Insurance Salesman in their first year of
  sales
• College Graduates and their health data five
  years out of school
• The GPA of Law Students
• None of the Above

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Next Time

• Be prepared for a PopQuiz
• Chapter 16
• Possibly Review Exam 3

56
Finis