Sacred or Secular

1
Chapter 8

• Sacred or Secular?
• Rationalism Confronts the Catholic Church
• 1600 1870 A.D.

2
Church and Science

• Following examples from the Renaissance,
  ______________ ___________________________________
  ______________
• Importance of ____________________
• Post Reformation Europe
• New worldview with intellectual, moral, and
  political implications
• ________________________
• Some of these theories were initially seen as
  opposing Christian beliefs, especially concerning
  creation
• ____________________________________
• Continuing into the present age
• 17th 19th century Church
• _________________________________________________

3
Scientific Conflicts

• Period of transition in terms of the Church and
  its mission
• ____________________________________________
  ____________________________________________
• Three main issues facing the Church during this
  period
• ______________________
• ______________________
• ______________________
• Church / Science conflicts represented by the
  controversy surrounding ___________

4
Galileo and the Church

• Galileo Galilei (1564 1642)
• _________________________________________
  _________________________________________
• ________________________________
• Extensive use of a telescope
• Argued for the adoption of a heliocentric theory
• Belief that the earth and other planets revolve
  around the sun
• ______________________________________
• Instructed not to teach his heliocentric view
• Placed under house arrest for not complying
• ____________________________________
  ____________________________________

5
Reduced Scholasticism

• From the Middle Ages, _______________________
  ____________________________ to explore truth
• Scholasticism
• ______________________
• Begin with general principles, raise questions,
  then use logic to draw conclusions
• Science
• _____________________
• Draws a generalized conclusion from particular
  examples
• Used by Galileo and others

6
Biblical Truth

• Before Galileos heliocentric theory, most people
  believed that the sun revolved around the earth
• Joshua 10 12-13
• ________________________________________
  ________________________________________
• Initially caused great anxiety for Church leaders
• __________________________
• If one card was removed the entire structure
  could fall
• Today, ___________________________________
  _________________________________________
• Difference from some Protestant denominations

7
Catholic Education

• Before the 17th century, higher education was
  entrusted to the Church
• _____________________________________________
• _____________________________________________
• _____________________________________________
• 17th century ? present
• Education, especially scientific discovery not
  influenced by Catholic theology
• _____________________________________________

8
New Age of Science

• Enlightenment
• _______________________________________________
  ______________________________________________
• Responsible for shaping learning in the modern
  era
• _________________________________________
• Enlightenment thinkers
• ____________________
• French philosopher argued that nothing should be
  accepted unquestioningly
• I think therefore, I am Cogito ergo sum
• Reason as the source of human truth
• ____________________
• Nothing should be accepted solely on the basis of
  authority
• ____________________
• Courage to use your mind without the guidance of
  another. Dare to know! Have the courage to use
  your own understanding!

9
Enlightenment and Christianity

• Reason as the ___________ for many
  Enlightenment thinkers
• Focus on the natural world not on an eternal
  condition
• ________________________________________
• Supernatural world is solely in Gods hands
• ________________________________________
• Rationalism
• __________________________________________________
  _ ________________________________________________
  ___
• Obviously posed issues for Christianity
• Deism
• __________________________________________________
  _________________________________________________
  _
• God as neither negative or positive basically
  uninvolved image of a watchmaker

10
Deistic Ideas

• Key ideas of deistic thought
• ________________________________________
• ________________________________________
• ________________________________________
• ________________________________________
• ________________________________________
• ________________________________________
  ________________________________________

11
Catholic Responses

• In the light of Rationalism and Deism, the Church
  was forced to respond
• ______________________
• ______________________
• ______________________
• Entrenchment of Scholasticism
• Catholic universities reinforced the deductive
  approach
• _______________________
• Fear of straying off course

12
Catholic Responses

• Popular Devotions
• Sacred Heart of Jesus ________________________
  ______________ in the world
• Warmth, care, compassion for creation
• ______________________
• Devotion to Mary as a protector and guide
• ___________________________________
• Moral and Spiritual Authority of the Pope
• Vatican I 1870 pope as infallible
• Incapable of error in ____________________________
  ________ when speaking ex cathedra

13
An Age of Nation-States

• Growing of the monarch as an ____________________
• Head of a nation-state who claims to have
  ____________________ in its governance
• Embodied the reality of ________________
• End of the role of the empire (Holy Roman)
• _________________________________________
• _______________________
• People understood themselves as Germans or French
  rather than Bavarians or Normans
• Thirty Years War (1618 1648)
• Significant event in the development of
  nation-states
• _________________________________
• Weakening of papal influence in politics
• ______________________________
• Lutherans ? Scandinavia, Prussia, and southern
  Germany
• Calvinists ? Switzerland, Holland, Scotland
• England ? Anglican
• Rest of Europe ? Catholic

14
National vs. Universal Church

• Catholic monarchs viewed _____________________
• Louis XIV Gallicanism
• A movement originating among the
  _________________ based on national rulers having
  authority for Church governance
• Attempt to _______________________ from Rome
• Similar actions in Austria and Germany
• Led to a __________________ six popes from
  1585-1605

15
Impact of the French Revolution

• ____________________
• Period during the Revolution when nobility and
  clergy were ________________________ leaders
• ___________________________
• French armies invaded Italy capturing the pope
  and ______________ the college of cardinals
• Results
• ___________________________________
• Separation from ________________ of the Church

16
Napoleonic Concordat

• Concordat
• An ___________________________ and a head of
  state identifying the role that each would play
  in Church governance
• Concordat with Pius VII
• _______________________________ Pius VII to
  approve bishops
• ______________________ as the spiritual head of
  the Church
• Ultramontanism
• ________________________
• Pope having ______________________ in all lands
• Impact / Results
• Future popes established concordats with national
  rulers
• ___________________________
• Unquestioned spiritual authority

17
Post Napoleonic Europe

• Congress of Vienna
• 1814-15 _____________________ of Europe
• ____________________ of Austria
• Main architect attempting to prevent a
  ____________ from controlling the continent
• ______________________
• Reestablishment of the Papal States
• Election of __________ in 1846

18
Pope Pius IX

• Elected in 1846, served until his death in 1878
• _______________________
• Enjoyed brief political power with the
  restoration of the papal states only to loose it
  during the unification of Italy
• Loss of political influence led to an increase in
  religious influence
• __________________________
• 1854 Dogma of the _____________________
• Belief held by Tradition formalized by Pius IX
• Mary was conceived without the stain of original
  sin
• 1869 calling Vatican I
• __________________
• The gift of the Holy Spirit to the Church whereby
  either the pope alone or the college of bishops
  acting with the pope can definitively proclaim a
  doctrine of faith or morals for the belief of the
  faithful

19
Catholic England?

• Initially, Church of England was close to
  Catholicism in belief and practice
• Key difference ? ___________
• Gradually, ____________________________
• Despite anti-Catholic laws of Elizabeth I,
  toleration was practiced within England
• Perception of an ________________ nation
• Safe haven for _______________________ during the
  French Revolution
• ______________________
• Attempt of moving the Church of England closer to
  Catholicism
• Advocated strong, ______________ of the pope in
  spiritual matters
• Major Figure ? _______________________
• Anglican priest who converted to Roman
  Catholicism in 1845
• Influential Catholic writer and theologian

20
Irish Catholicism

• Protestant Reformation did not ___________
  ___________
• Would remain heavily Catholic in line with Rome
• In part, ____________________ of English monarchs
• North Ireland settled by Scotch Presbyterians and
  English Protestants
• ____________
• Protestant, Northern Irish

21
A Changing World

• In addition to questions over authority and
  scientific knowledge, three movements impacted
  the Church during the Enlightenment
• _______________
• _______________
• _______________

22
Baroque

• Baroque
• French word meaning ________
• A style of art, architecture, and spirituality
  that emphasizes _______________________
• Catholic churches and liturgies ___________
  _____________ to the simplified churches and
  liturgies of Reformed Protestantism
• ___________________
• ___________________

23
Varieties of Spiritual Life

• Significant impact on local levels
• ________________
• St. Vincent de Paul / St. Louise de Marillac
• 17th century saints committed to working for the
  poor
• Patron saints of charitable work and social work
• St. Vincent de Paul Society
• Charitable, parish-based organization
• ________________
• St. Francis de Sales
• Influential writer advocating practices of love
  and compassion
• Responsible for winning back Calvinists in Geneva
• Educating the Poor
• ______________________
• Patron saint of teachers
• Founder of the Christian Brothers
• Organization with education as primary focus
• Developed practices still used in education today

24
Catholic Missionaries

• Spain and Portugal
• Major Catholic exploring nations
• Primary goal ? __________________
• Secondary goal ? ________________
• Dangerous enterprise
• Missionaries faced travel dangers as well as the
  threat of ___________________
• By the 17th Century
• Catholic missionaries responsible for the faith
  _________ ___________________