Sacred or Secular

1
Chapter 8

• Sacred or Secular?
• Rationalism Confronts the Catholic Church
• 1600 1870 A.D.

2
Church and Science

• Following examples from the Renaissance, people
  continued to question long-standing beliefs and
  traditions
• 17th 19th centuries full with scientific
  discoveries and new theories
• Some of these theories were initially seen as
  opposing Christian beliefs, especially concerning
  creation
• The Church was thus on a collision course with
  science continuing into the present age

3
Galileo and the Church

• Galileo Galilei (1564 1642)
• Italian scientist famous for opposing the
  commonly accepted geocentric theory
• Belief that the sun revolves around the earth
• Argued for the adoption of a heliocentric theory
• Belief that the earth and other planets revolve
  around the sun
• Instructed not to teach his heliocentric view
• Placed under house arrest for not complying

4
Scientific Conflicts

• The time of Galileo marks another transition
  period in the relationship of the Church with the
  world.
• The Church forced to deal with the implications
  of new theories and ways of explaining the world
• Three main issues facing the Church during this
  period

5
Scholastic Danger

• Modern Science posed problems for scholastic
  philosophy
• Scholasticism
• Deductive reasoning used by Aristotle, Aquinas
• Poses general principles, raises questions, then
  uses logic to draw conclusions
• Science
• Inductive reasoning
• Draws a generalized conclusion from particular
  examples

6
Biblical Truth

• Before Galileos heliocentric theory, most people
  believed that the sun revolved around the earth
• Joshua 10 12-13
• Reflected the idea that the Bible was literally
  true in all details
• Initially caused great anxiety for Church leaders
• Today, Catholics believe that the Bible is
  theologically true not necessarily literally true

7
Catholic Education

• Before the 17th century, higher education was
  entrusted to the Church
• Usually priests and bishops were the most
  educated
• Educational theory was influenced by Catholic
  theology
• 17th century ? present
• Education, especially scientific discovery not
  influenced by Catholic theology and even see
  tradition as an obstacle to new discoveries

8
Characteristics of the New Age

• Enlightenment
• Movement in Europe during which reason and
  science held a privileged position as sources of
  truth
• Enlightenment thinkers
• Rene Descartes
• French philosopher argued that nothing should be
  accepted unquestioningly
• I think therefore, I am Cogito ergo sum
• Reason as the source of human truth
• Francis Bacon
• Nothing should be accepted solely on the basis of
  authority
• Immanuel Kant
• Courage to use your mind without the guidance of
  another. Dare to know! Have the courage to use
  your own understanding!

9
Enlightenment and Christianity

• Reason as the true religion for many
  Enlightenment thinkers
• Focus on the natural world not on an eternal
  condition
• Through experience and reason this world is known
• Supernatural world is solely in Gods hands
• Rationalism
• Theory that nothing is true unless founded on
  scientific proofs based solely on reason and
  sense experience
• Obviously posed issues for Christianity
• Deism
• Belief that God created the world and then left
  it to run according to natural laws
• God as neither negative or positive basically
  uninvolved image of a watchmaker

10
Response to Rationalism and Deism

• Entrenchment of Scholasticism
• Catholic universities reinforced the deductive
  approach of rationalism memorization of theories
  and concepts
• Popular Devotions
• Sacred Heart of Jesus showing Gods concern and
  involvement in the world
• Moral and Spiritual Authority of the Pope
• Vatican I 1870 pope as infallible
• Incapable of error in defining doctrines
  involving faith or morals when speaking ex
  cathedra

11
An Age of Nation States

• Growing of the monarch as an absolute ruler
• Head of a nation-state who claims to have
  complete authority in its governance
• Embodied the reality of unified nations
• End of the role of the empire (Holy Roman)
• Regions joining together along geographical lines
• Germans not Bavarians French not Normans
• Thirty Years War (1618 1648)
• Left the Holy Roman Empire politically weak
• Weakening of papal influence in politics
• Drawing of religious lines in Europe
• Lutherans ? Scandinavia, Prussia, and southern
  Germany
• Calvinists ? Switzerland, Holland, Scotland
• England ? Anglican
• Rest of Europe ? Catholic

12
National vs. Universal Church

• Catholic monarchs viewed the pope as a rival to
  authority
• Louis XIV Gallicianism
• A movement originating among the French Catholic
  clergy based on national rulers having authority
  for Church governance
• Attempt to wrestle control away from Rome
• Similar actions in Austria and Germany
• Led to a weakened papacy six popes from 1585-1605

13
Pope Pius IX

• Elected in 1846, served until his death in 1878
• Longest papacy in history
• Enjoyed brief political power with the
  restoration of the papal states only to loose it
  during the unification of Italy
• Loss of political influence led to an increase in
  religious influence
• 1854 Dogma of the Immaculate Conception
• 1869 calling Vatican I
• Papal infallibility

14
Chapter 9

• Mosaic of Unity and Diversity
• The Church in the Americas
• 1492 1876 A.D.

15
Spanish Presence

• A Collision of Cultures
• Indigenous Civilizations
• Native American Catholicism
• Catholicism on the North American mainland

16
A Collision of Cultures

• 1492 Columbus discovers New World
• 1504 Diocese of Santo Domingo established
• Goals of the Spanish explorers
• God
• Glory
• Gold
• Issue Sometimes the goals were confused
• Conquistadores
• conquerors the Spanish soldiers who first
  came to the Americas
• 1515 1519 Conquest of Cuba and movement onto
  the mainland of North America

17
Indigenous Civilizations

• Mayan
• Southern Mexico Central America
• Aztec
• Central Mexico
• Inca
• Andean region

18
The Encounter

• Native inhabitants unprepared for European
  invasion
• Technology
• Steel v. stone
• Horses
• Gunpowder
• Disease
• Small pox, measles, flu, tetanus, and yellow fever

19
Disease

• Mexico Indigenous census
• 1519 25 million
• 1523 16.8 million
• 1580 1.9 million
• 1605 1 million
• 95 decline in less than 100 years
• Caribbean saw even worse.

20
Native American Catholicism

• Despite facing hardship, many native people
  adopted the faith of their conquerors
• St. Rose of Lima
• Daughter of Spanish settlers in Lima
• Spent her life in service of the poor
• First American declared a saint
• Our Lady of Guadalupe
• Marys apparition to St. Juan Diego in 1531
• Patroness of the Americas

21
Bartolomé de las Casas

• Dominican 1509
• Awarded an encomienda but changed his outlook
• Defender of the Indians

• 1537 Pope proclamation
• Indians are human
• 1542 New Laws of the Indies
• A Brief account of the Destruction of the Indies

22
Encomienda

• system of tributary labor established in Spanish
  America. Developed as a means of securing an
  adequate and cheap labor supply, the encomienda
  was first used over the conquered Moors of Spain.
  Transplanted to the New World, it gave the
  conquistador control over the native populations
  by requiring them to pay tribute from their
  lands, which were granted to deserving subjects
  of the Spanish crown.

23
Catholicism Moves North

• Spanish missionary efforts turned to the mainland
  of the Americas
• 1513 Ponce de Leon fountain of youth
• Beginning of a mission in Florida at St.
  Augustine
• The oldest mission in the United States
• 1542 Spanish explorers reach California
• Dozens of missions founded throughout the
  California region
• San Diego, San Francisco, Santa Clara, etc.

24
French Presence

• French explorers arrived in Canada in 1534
• Major colonizing efforts did not begin until
  1632
• Consisting mainly of French Jesuits
• Attempted to instruct the Native Americans in
  European ways
• Black Robes
• Northern Native American term given to the
  Jesuits because of their distinctive garb
• French missionaries would begin to move south
  over the course of the next century
• Jacques Marquette Louis Jolliet (pg. 223)

25
French Success?

• Compared to the success of Spanish missionaries
  in New Spain, French missionaries did not do
  too well in New France
• French less willing to colonize and settle in the
  New World
• France effected more negatively than Spain by the
  Reformation
• Thus, Catholicism does not develop and spread as
  much in the north as it did in the south
• Missionary communities few and far between
• Chicago would not develop and thrive until much
  later

26
Catholicism in the Colonies

• The 13 colonies were founded and colonized mostly
  by Protestants
• Maryland the only colony friendly to Catholics
• Catholicism was practiced by the ruling elite not
  the middle or working classes
• Act of Toleration of 1649
• Decree by the colonial government granting
  freedom of religion in Maryland
• In time, Puritans overtake the colony and ban
  Catholic worship and education
• Remained in effect until just before the
  Revolution

27
John Carroll

• Predominant figure in the history of the early
  American Church
• Born in 1735, studied and was ordained in Europe
• Returned in 1773 and became active in the
  revolutionary cause
• Became associated with Benjamin Franklin
• 1789 elected as first bishop in the United States
• Diocese covering the entire United States
• Responsible for opening two seminaries and helped
  develop Georgetown University

28
Catholic Growth

• From 1176 1815, the number of Catholics in the
  United States increased from 30,000 to 200,000
• Through the efforts of Bishop Carroll,
  Catholicism was not seen as a threat to the new
  American republic
• American Catholics began integrating themselves
  into the nation and embraced both their faith and
  national identity