CHAPTER TWELVE

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CHAPTER TWELVE

• JUVENILES, DRUGS AND DELINQUENCY

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Definition

• Druga chemical that interacts with the body and
  alters basic body functioning, usually through
  the central nervous system

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Drug Categories

• Narcotic analgesics
• Stimulants
• Depressants
• Hallucinogens
• Marijuana

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History

• 1971Nixon declared drug abuse Public Enemy 1
• Changes
• Proactive enforcement
• Stiffer laws
• Similarities with Prohibition18th Amendment to
  Constitution
• Organized crime born out of Prohibition
• Same with drugs

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Drug Use Among Juveniles

• 13 million use illegal drugs
• 3 studies on juveniles and drugs (1996)
• Cigarette smoking increase significantly
• Daily use of alcohol by 8th graders increased
• Over half of 12-17 year olds use alcohol
• Marijuana usage for 8th graders tripled
• 12-17 year old using for first time decreased
• High correlation between drug-taking and
  high-risk activities by juveniles

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Alcohol

• 1 drug of choice
• 10 million underage drinkers and 4.4 million
  binge drinkers
• Effects
• Feeling high
• Loss of inhibition
• Slurred speech
• Impaired judgment
• Depressed sensory and motor skills
• Drowsiness

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Alcohol (contd)

• Caused highest number of overdoses
• Severe nausea
• Ruptured stomach vessels
• Convulsions
• Coma
• Death

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Alcohol (contd)

• High risk behavior of juveniles who drink
• Academic failure
• Crime
• Violence
• Suicide
• 15 of driving fatalities are by drunk adolescents

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Tobacco

• Decreasing for adults, increasing for juveniles
• Ad campaigns that target youth
• Chewing tobacco as alternative

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Heroin

• From the opium poppy
• Producers
• Golden crescent
• Iran
• Pakistan
• Afghanistan
• Golden triangle
• Burma
• Thailand
• Laos
• Mexico has become significant producer

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Crack and Cocaine

• From the coca plant
• Whats in my Coca cola?
• Effects
• Strong but short high
• Increased respiration
• Heartbeat increased
• Pupil dilation
• Muscle twitching
• Speed-balls

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Other Stimulants

• Amphetamine and methamphetamine
• Designer drugs

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Hallucinogens

• LSD
• Psilocybin
• Mescaline
• PCP

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LSD

• Timothy Leary turn on, tune in, drop out
• Effects
• 8-12 hour high
• Increased heart rate
• Increased blood pressure
• Tremors
• Wild hallucinogens

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PCP

• Psychosis
• Inability to talk
• Super-human strength

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Psilocybin and Mescaline

• Natural
• Very strong hallucinations
• Part of Native American religious rites

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Central Nervous System Depressants

• Alcohol
• Barbiturates
• Prescription
• Librium
• Valium
• Methaqualone
• Rohypnol and GHB
• Date rape drugs
• Symptoms
• Gone in 12-24 hours

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Marijuana

• Active ingredient is THC
• Sources
• Mexico
• Jamaica
• Military personnel stationed abroad
• Thai sticks
• Hashish
• Non addictive
• No known overdose deaths

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Steroids

• Performance enhancing drugs
• 7 of high school students have used
• Effects
• Male loss of sexual functioning
• Females with male characteristics
• Increased aggression
• Heart disease
• Jaundice of live
• Acne
• Accelerate bone maturation in teens

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Inhalants

• Significant portion of juveniles have tried it
• Types
• Volatile solvents
• Gas, spray paint
• Glue, paint thinner
• Gases
• Chloroform
• Whippets
• Nitrates
• Amyl
• Butyl

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Inhalants (contd)

• Very addictive
• Very toxic
• Chronic use
• Long term lung damage
• Brain damage
• Severe allergic reactions
• Death

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Gateway Drugs

• What are gateway drugs?
• Examples
• Tobacco
• Alcohol
• Marijuana
• Inhalants
• Does everyone who tries one, end up doing harder
  drugs?
• What is it an indicator of?

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Drugs, Delinquency and Violence

• Are drugs causally related to delinquency?
• Doesnt cause crime
• Perpetuates criminal activity
• Historically, what was the relationship between
  drugs crime?
• Drug fiend who is violent and bizarre
• Is that all offenders?

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Drugs, Delinquency and Violence (contd)

• Drug culture has changed
• Whats a poly drug users
• Age at first drug use
• Violent drug-related crime
• Where is most drug violence occurring

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Intervention and Prevention Programs

• Current policy
• Interdiction
• Incarceration
• Anti-Drug slogans
• Just say no
• This is your brain on drugs
• I always wanted to be a crack addict

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D.A.R.E.

• D Drug
• A Abuse
• R Resistance
• E Education

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D.A.R.E. (contd)

• 5th and 6th grade
• 6 year study found no long-term effects
• Focus on building self esteem
• Outdated information
• Scare tactics
• 5th and 6th grade not enough

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Successful Drug Prevention Programs

• Continuous through all ages
• Consistent message
• Interactive
• Continually evaluated
• Developed on strong research findings

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Risk Factors for Drug Use

• Chaotic home
• Ineffective parenting
• Lack of attachment
• Inappropriately shy or aggressive in school
• Failure in school
• Poor social coping skills
• Perceptions of approval of drugs in school and
  community

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JUMP

• Juvenile mentoring program
• 164 projects in 41 states
• Collected information on
• Grades and attendance
• Gang involvement/contact with police
• Staying away from drugs/alcohol
• Characteristics of the juvenile
• Who are the mentors?

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JUMP (contd)

• Improvement in
• Staying away from drugs/alcohol
• Staying away from gangs
• Good school attendance/grades
• Avoiding friends who start trouble
• How did having a female mentor affect male
  juveniles?

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National Drug Control Policy

• Zero tolerance
• Assumptions
• No abuser, no problem
• Demand creates market
• Drug abuse starts as willful act
• Most can quit
• Focus on casual user
• What happens to juveniles?

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National Drug Control Policy (contd)

• Expand CJ system
• Aid to countries
• Research and treatment
• Drug education
• 70 of budget to reduce supply
• 30 to prevention or treatment

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Criticism of War on Drugs

• Demands still there
• 100 billion a year
• Negative effects
• Resources are scarce
• America likes drugs

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Options

• Legalize and privatize
• Legalize less dangerous drugs
• Decriminalize
• Harm Reduction
• Goals
• Reduce violence in drug use
• Lower mortality by OD
• Reduce costs
• Lower mortality due to disease

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Review

• What is a drug?
• What are the 5 categories of drugs?
• What do the 3 studies show about juvenile drug
  use?
• Recognize the effects of alcohol
• Is tobacco usage increasing or decreasing for
  juveniles?
• What countries are in the golden triangle and
  golden crescent?

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Review

• What are examples of stimulants?
• Which drugs are hallucinogens and which are
  natural?
• What are date rape drugs?
• Which of the drugs are addictive?
• What are the effects of steroid usage?
• What are the 3 categories of inhalants?

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Review

• What is a gateway drug?
• What is the current national policy on drugs?
• What are characteristics of successful drug
  prevention programs?
• What are criticisms of the War on Drugs?

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JUVENILES, DRUGS AND DELINQUENCY

• END CHAPTER TWELVE