The Civil War Chapter 21

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The Civil War Chapter 21

• Crittenden Compromise- a failed attempt in
  Congress which proposed extending the MO
  Compromise Line all the way to the Pacific.
• Lincoln was willing to support slavery where it
  already existed but he opposed its spread.
• The South confiscated almost every federal fort,
  mint, and arsenal within its borders.

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Questions about a split U.S.

• What about allocation of federal territories?
• What about the Monroe Doctrine?
• European nations loved the idea of a split U.S.
  because it would be weaker.

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Fort Sumpter

• Fort Sumpter- in Charleston S.C.
• Lincoln decided to re-supply it right on
  schedule. Since the South had it surrounded they
  would have to fire the first shot of the war or
  let the North re-supply the fort.
• April 12, 1861 the South fires nonstop for 34
  hours (and the only thing dead was a mule) and
  makes the Union surrender the fort.

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A Call to Arms

• Lincoln asks northern governors to supply 75,000
  troops for 3 month enlistments.
• VA, AR, TN, and N.C. then seceded (since Lincoln
  called troops to arms)....West Virginia remained
  loyal to the union and became a state in 1863.

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Comparison

• North
• 22 million people
• 85 of U.S. factories
• most railroads
• more
• a decent navy
• 2.5 million men in Union army by wars end

• South
• 9 million people / 3.5 slaves
• 15 of U.S. factories
• fighting a defensive war
• little and banking
• a puny navy
• popular support of secession
• better military leadership
• 750,000 men in army

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Strategies

• Union Strategy
• 1. Capture Richmond
• 2. Gain control of the Mississippi River
• 3. Blockade Southern ports

• Southern Strategy
• 1. Capture Washington D.C. and drive North
• 2. Gain European allies

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Bull Run

• July 1862 - General McDowell sent to Richmond
  with 35,000 troops which turned into the Battle
  of First Bull Run (Manassas in the South)
• CSA led by Gen Joseph Johnston
• The Confederates could have taken Washington D.C.
  but were too disorganized.
• A complete route of the North, but the battle
  showed that the War would not be short.
• Stonewall Jackson earns his nickname for the
  South.

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The War in the Western Theater

• Shiloh - April 1862.
• General Grant was sent to take 2 forts guarding
  the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers.
• After losing early in the battle, Grant rallies
  his troops and wins the battle.
• 13,000 Union casualties vs, 10,000 Confederate.
• General Johnston dies (a huge Confederate
  setback)
• His clothes were tattered by several grazing
  bullets and the heel of his boot was shot off.
  One bullet hit him in the back of the leg. He
  would have easily been saved with a tourniquet,
  but he had earlier sent his surgeon off to attend
  to wounded union soldiers!
• Shows how bloody the war will be.
• Shiloh is Hebrew for place of peace.

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The Western Theater

• April 1862, the Union takes New Orleans, under
  the command of David G. Farragut, but the North
  needs the whole river.
• Shiloh was also a Union Victory in Tennessee in
  April, 1862.
• Grant takes Vicksburg after laying siege to it
  for 6 weeks.
• It finally falls on July 4, 1863

http//www.civilwarhome.com/battleofvicksburg.htm
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Iron Clads

• A new concept in naval warfare.
• Grant used 4 ironclads when he took forts Henry
  and Donelson on the Tennessee and Cumberland
  Rivers.
• The Monitor (North) vs. the Merrimack (South)
• The battle ended in a draw but showed that the
  days of wooden ships was ending.

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• This scene never really happened, but is a pretty
  realistic recreation of ironclad warfare.

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The War for Capitols

• Washington and Richmond are only 70 miles apart.
• The Union General McClellan was extremely
  cautious even though he had the advantage.
• Lincoln commented that he would like to borrow
  McClellans army if he wasnt going to use it.
• The South did great at bluffing that they had
  more men than they actually had.

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• Lincoln asked Robert E. Lee to lead his troops
  (Lee personally opposed slavery and secession but
  couldnt fight his home state of Virginia).
• 1862 Conscription law adopted in the
  Confederacy.
• 1863 Conscription went into effect in the North.
  (Draft Riots followed).

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Peninsula Campaign

• April 1862
• McClellan moves on Richmond but is very hesitant.
• 100,000 Union troops vs. 13,000 Confederate
• McClellan called for pontoon boats to transport
  troops and supplies. But the pontoons are 6
  inches too wide to fit through the locks on the
  Potomac River, so the North loses the advantage
  of speed and surprise.

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Peninsula Campaign

• The South faked the North into believing that
  they had a huge army.
• McClellan lays siege to Yorktown, VA instead of
  bypassing it and heading straight for Richmond.
• McClellan asks for reinforcements (160,000) which
  he really didnt need.
• Stonewall Jackson moves from Richmond to the
  Shenandoah Valley, then close to Washington D.C.
• This makes McClellan nervous so the North pulls
  back from the Peninsula to defend D.C.

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7 Days Campaign

• The Union assumes that the South is defending
  their capital too, but they werent. This was a
  huge bluff that paid off for the South.
• These events were known as the 7 Days Campaign -
  16,000 Union Casualties vs. 20,000 Confed but the
  Union retreats out of the South.

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Antietam

• Lee is now in charge for the South
• A Confederate move North to encourage European
  allies to help the South.
• 13,000 Union Casualties vs. 12,000 Confed.
• The bloodiest and deadliest one day of war in
  American History.
• General McClellan is fired for being too
  cautious.
• Ambrose Burnside is the new General for the North.

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The Politics of War

• Britain bought massive amounts of Southern
  Cotton.
• In 1861, the South tried to get Britain to
  recognize the CSA as an independent nation.
• Britain announces Neutrality in the Civil War and
  buys its cotton from Egypt and India (2 British
  colonies..Britain also stockpiled huge supplies
  of cotton before the war).

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Lincolns view of slavery

• Lincoln disliked slavery but did not think that
  he had the power to destroy slavery where it
  already existed.
• But as commander in chief he knew that slave
  labor was a big part of the Confederate military
  so
• The Union goal switched from preserving the Union
  to ending slavery.
• 1862 allowed negroes to serve in the army.

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Emancipation Proclamation

• Jan 1, 1863.
• Freed slaves only in rebelling states.
• African Americans still discriminated against in
  the army in terms of rank and pay.

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Emancipation Proclamation

• Northern soldiers and workers were discouraged by
  the thought of fighting a war to free 3.5 million
  slaves who would move North and take jobs from
  them.
• Copperheads- Northern Democrats who sympathized
  with the South.
• After the Emancipation Proc, the issue of slavery
  was beyond compromise and the South fought all
  out to preserve their peculiar institution.

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Habeas Corpus

• Lincoln suspends this constitutional guarantee
  which is a court order that requires authorities
  to bring a person held in jail before the court
  to determine why he or she is being jailed.
• Lincoln used this strategy to arrest more than
  13,000 suspected Confederate sympathizers.
• The Supreme Court ruled this unconstitutional but
  Lincoln ignored its ruling (remember that most of
  the S.C. justices were southerners and
  pro-slavery).

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Draft Riots

• Many northern poor people did not want to fight a
  war to free slaves.
• The Union enacted its draft in 1863 but 300
  would get you out.
• Rioters targeted the well to do and blacks.
• Irish immigrants were especially angry.

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Life During WartimeDesperate times for the
South

• The war effort and Northern blockade caused
  severe food shortages in the South.
• Riots were common.
• Food prices averaged under 7/month for a
  Southern family before the war and 68/month by
  1863.
• Meat, corn, and rice became luxuries
• The Southern labor force was out fighting the
  war.
• Many slaves had been freed or had run away.
• Many agricultural areas in the South were either
  occupied or destroyed.

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Northern Economy

• The Northern economy boomed during the war as the
  army bought many manufactured goods (clothing,
  guns, shoes, etc).
• The North responded to the labor shortage by
  modernizing.
• Ex western farmers bought more reapers.
• The Nations first Income Tax was passed in 1863
  to help finance the war effort.

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Prisons

• P.O.W. camps were awful and many died of disease,
  malnutrition, or starvation.
• Andersonville a Confederate prison in GA where
  33,000 men were crammed into 26 acres (about the
  size of our school campus).
• Primitive tents were all the shelter they had.
• Their sewer and drinking water were the same
  stream.
• The North refused prisoner exchanges when the
  South refused to include blacks in them.so
  Confederate p.o.w. camps became more crowded.
• 15 died in Confed prisons while 12 died in
  Northern prisons.

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The North Takes Charge

• Fredericksburg- December 1862
• 114,000 Union vs. 75,000 Confederate
• The Confederates held the high ground and
  pummeled the North.
• Acquiring and assembling pontoon bridges slowed
  the North.
• Burnside replaced by Joe Hooker

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Wilderness Campaign

• April 1863
• Hooker splits his army into 3 parts to outflank
  the South.
• Lee responds by splitting his army into 3 and
  outflanking the North and forcing a Union retreat.

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Chancellorsville

• A Confederate victory, but they lose General
  Stonewall Jackson.
• Union morale is at an all-time low.
• Lee decides to move the War North, spare Virginia
  and live off the North.
• Lee takes 75,000 men into PA.
• Hooker is replaced by General George Meade.

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Gettysburg

• Confederates raid Gettysburg to get shoes.
• The bigger plan was for the Confeds to move into
  the Union and live off the North and avoid
  further destruction of the South.
• Lee also hoped that the advance into the North
  would take pressure off of Vicksburg. (which
  surrendered the next day)
• A 3 day battle in early July 1863 in Southern PA.
• The two armies literally stumbled upon each
  other.
• Casualties 23,000 Union vs. 28,000 Confederate.
• Gettysburg was the turning point of the War
• General Grant took Vicksburg, MS and the Union
  took control of the entire Mississippi River the
  day after the Union victory at Gettysburg.

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The Gettysburg Address

• November 1863 to dedicate the cemetery to the
  dead of the previous summer.
• Edward Everett delivered a 2 hour speech.
• Lincolns speech lasted barely 2 minutes.

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Ulysses S. Grant

• Lincoln appoints Grant, hero of the Western
  Theater as commander of all Union forces in 1864.
• Lincoln loved Grant because he fought!
• Grant appoint William T. Sherman as commander of
  the military division of the Mississippi.

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• Grant knew that he could sustain twice as many
  casualties as the south and keep fighting (and he
  did).
• War of Attrition - run the South out of men,
  supplies, will.
• Chancellorsville, Spotsylvania - each side has
  huge losses.
• 1864

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General Sherman

• Commanded the Tennessee army (for the Union).
• Moved 100,000 troops from Tennessee to Atlanta in
  September, 1864.
• The fall of Atlanta gave Lincolns Presidential
  campaign a boost against McClellan who was a
  Democrat.

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Shermans March to the Sea

• Atlanta to Savannah
• A swath 60 miles wide for 300 miles.
• Total war- complete destruction of the South and
  destroy their will to fight.
• The Union got re-supplied when they reach the
  coast, then moved North.

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Shermans Neckties
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Shermans neckties
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Election of 1864

• Lincoln wins over Democrat George McClellan who
  ran on a platform of immediate secession.
• To attract Democrats the Republicans changed
  their name to the National Union Party and
  nominated Andrew Johnson, a TN pro-Union Democrat
  as his V.P.
• Recent military victories really helped Lincoln
  win.

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Surrender

• April 2, 1865 - Richmond falls to the North.
• Lee surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse with only
  30,000 men on April 9, 1865.
• Lee seriously considered a suicide charge to
  avoid the humiliation of surrender.
• Confederate officers could keep side-arms
• Confederate soldiers could keep horses and mules.
  They were fed and sent home.
• April 26, 1865 General Joseph Johnston
  surrenders to Sherman.

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The Legacy of the War

• The war increased the federal governments power.
• The Northern economy was booming after the war
  and the South was completely devastated.
• Their labor force was now freed.
• The War wiped out most Southern industry.
• 40 of Southern livestock was destroyed.
• Railroads were destroyed
• Thousands of acres of farmland were ruined.

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Statistics

• Cost the Union 2.3 billion.
• Cost the South 1 billion.
• Union inflation peaked _at_ 182 in 1864.
• Southern inflation peaked _at_ 7,000.
• The Union suffered 360,000 casualties vs. 260,000
  for the South.
• 1/3 of all soldiers ended up dead, wounded or a
  P.O.W.
• The Cost of the 4 year war was 3.3 billion a
  figure that doubled what the nation spent in the
  previous 80 years combined.

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13th Amendment

• Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
  except as a punishment for crime whereof the
  party shall have been duly convicted shall exist
  within the U.S.
• By the end of 1865, 27 states, including 8 from
  the south had ratified it.

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Matthew Brady

• Documented the Civil War through photography.
• A relatively new invention.
• Showed how real the war was.

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Lincoln is killed

• Assassinated at Fords Theater by John Wilkes
  Booth, a Southern sympathizer.
• Lincoln and Mary were watching Our American
  Cousin a British comedy.
• Booth broke his ankle when he jumped onto the
  stage.
• Twelve days later union cavalry troops found
  Booth hiding in a tobacco barn and lit it on
  fire.
• He probably died of a gunshot wound (either from
  the troops or self inflicted).