Week 3

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Week 3

• Apollo Artemis
• Demeter and Persephone
• Hermes
• Dionysus

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Apollo and Artemis

• Ca. 460 BCE Apollo and Artemis avenging Letos
  honor

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ARTEMIS

• Daughter of ZEUS and LETO
• Twin sister of APOLLO
• Born on the island of DELOS

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The Lady of Animals

• Has lions in her retinue
• Horns and skin of pray hung on tree in honor of
  Artemis
• Since Homer a girl

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NIOBE AND HER CHILDREN

• Leto dishonored in Thebes queen NIOBE boasts to
  have borne seven sons and seven daughters
• Apollo kills all sons Artemis all daughters
• Niobe turned to stone

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Myths of Artemis 2 ACTEON

• Hunting, A. saw Artemis in her bath
• She transformed him into a stag
• His dogs tore him to pieces

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CALLISTO

• Zeus, disguised as Artemis, raped her friend
  Callisto
• Artemis expelled Callisto
• Callisto gave birth to ARCAS
• Hera turned her into a bear
• Arcas almost killed his mother
• Zeus transformed both into constellations

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ORION

• ORION tried to seduce Artemis
• The goddess produced a scorpion that killed him
• OR
• Orion pursued the PLEIADES
• They were all transformed into constellations
  (SIRIUS, Orion's hunting dog, became the Dog
  Star)

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CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTEMIS

• Vehement virgin with characteristics of a
  fertility goddess
• Moon-goddess linked with the lunar cycle and
  menstrual period
• Goddess of nature itself personifying its
  pristine purity

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Artemis A Virgin Fertility Goddess
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HECATE an Artemis-like figure

• Fertility goddess of the Underworld depicted with
  a blazing torch
• Accompanied by fierce hounds
• Goddess of the crossroads
• Skilled in the arts of black magic

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Hecate and the crossroads

• To the Romans Hecate was Trivia of the
  crossroads
• Received offerings of food called Hecate's suppers

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DELOS BIRTHPLACE OF APOLLO

• In the hymn To Delian Apollo" there is no
  mention of Artemis
• Apollo nursed on nectar and ambrosia
  miraculously becomes a mighty god
• Curved bow and the lyre become his attributes
• Prophecy to mortals his domain

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SANCTUARY OF APOLLO AT DELPHI

• Apollo chose a place under Mt. PARNASSUS for his
  oracle and temple.
• He slew a dragon named PYTHO
• Apollo given the epithet PYTHIAN, his prophetess,
  PYTHIA
• Apollo from Lycia in Asia Minor
• Ephebos, kouros
• Phoibos Fox-like
• Lykeios wolf-like

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The Omphalos

• The Navel" an archaic
• stone shaped like an egg.
• Explanations
• marks the center of the world
• b) marks the tomb of Python
• c) Is the stone Cronus swallowed instead of Zeus

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• Apollo sitting on the Omphalos
• Silver tetradrachma from 3rd BCE

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Pythian Games

• From Apollos sanctuary at Delphi
• Ca. 470 BCE

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Theater in Delphi
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APOLLO'S LOVES SIBYL

• Title of the prophetess of Apollo
• The original Sibyl from Cumae in Italy was
  pursued by Apollo
• When she rejected him, the god granted her
  immortality without eternal youth
• She eventually to became only a voice

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Apollos loves CASSANDRA

• Daughter of the Trojan King Priam
• Agreed to give herself to Apollo and received the
  gift of prophecy.
• Changed her mind
• Apollo made sure that her true prophecies would
  never be believed

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Apollos Loves CYRENE

• Apollo fell in love with her when he saw her
  wrestling with a lion.
• He took her to the city in Libya that would bear
  her name.
• They had a son Aristaeus, a keeper of bees.

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Apollos Loves DAPHNE 1

• Laurel"
• Apollo offended Eros
• Eros sent a dull, leaden arrow that repels love
  at Daphne, and a bright short arrow at Apollo.

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Apollo and Daphne 2

• Daphne vowed to remain a virgin devoted to
  Artemis, and fled Apollo
• When she reached the waters of the Peneus (her
  father) she was transformed into a laurel tree

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Apollos Loves HYACINTHUS

• Hyacinthus was wounded and killed while competing
  at throwing discus with Apollo.
• Apollo caused a new flower, the hyacinth, to
  arise from his blood.

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Apollo, Hiacynthus and Cyparissus
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Apollos Loves CORONIS

• CORONIS was pregnant with Apollos child when the
  raven saw her in the arms of another lover
• The god shot her with one of his arrows, but
  saved the baby ASCLEPIUS who became the god of
  medicine

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Apollos Musical contests MARSYAS

• The satyr Marsyas picked up the flute invented by
  Athena.
• He challenged Apollo to a contest
• Apollo won and he decided to flay Marsyas alive

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Apollos Musical Contests PAN

• Pan dared to engage in a contest with Apollo.
• TMOLUS the god of the mountain was the judge.
• He declared Apollo the victor, but MIDAS, the
  king of Phrygia declared the verdict unjust.
• Apollo changed Midas ears into the ears of an
  ass.

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Apollo and Pan
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THE NATURE OF APOLLO

• God of shepherds, associated with music
• God of medicine
• God of the sun PHOEBUS Apollo "bright."    
• Symbol of classical restraint, of "Know thyself"
  and "Nothing too much."
• Can bring enlightenment, atonement, truth, and a
  new civic order of justice and is often
  contrasted with Dionysus

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Apollo
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Apollo 11, 1961
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Demeter and the Eleusinian Mysteries

• The Homeric Hymn to Demeter

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Demeter and the abduction of Persephone by Hades

• Persephone daughter of
• Demeter and Zeus was
• kidnapped by Hades

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Demeters Grief

• Hecate heard Persephones screams
• The sun-god Helius saw Hades
• Demeter suspects Zeus

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Demeter in Eleusis

• Daughters of KELEUS, and METANEIRA invite her
• She refuses to taste food or drink until IAMBE,
  with jests and jokes caused her to smile and
  laugh.
• She then accepted a drink called KYKEON.

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Baubo
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Demeter the nurse of Demophoon

• Attempts to make him immortal through fire.
• When Metaneira interrupts her Demeter reveals her
  divinity.
• She then disappears but promises to teach her
  rites to the inhabitants of Eleusis.

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Demeters Anger

• Demeter causes a year with no harvest.
• Zeus orders Hades to release Persephone.
• Before leaving Persephone eats a pomegranate
  seed.

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Final Compromise

• 1/3 third part of the year below
• 2/3 with her mother
• Demeter restores fertility
• establishes her Eleusinian Mysteries

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The Final Message of the Hymn

• Happy is the one of
• mortals on earth who has
• seen these things. But
• those who are uninitiated
• into the holy rites
• never are destined to a
• similar joy when they are
• dead in the gloomy realm
• below.

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The Greater Eleusinian Mysteries
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The Greater Mysteries

• September and October
• Splendid procession between Athens and Eleusis
  with "holy objects" carried by priests and
  priestesses
• Sacrifices, prayers, and cleansing in the sea

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The Eleusinian Procession

• Ritual cleansing
• Torches
• Fasting and vigil
• Hymns and obscene jests

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The Sacred Rites

• KYKEON the sacred drink
• Dramatic performance
• ? vision of Afterlife
• ? religious purification
• The revelation of the hiera, "sacred objects"

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HADES

• Roman names DIS, PLUTO (both names mean wealth)
• ORCUS by the Romans
• God of death and agricultural plenty

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TARTARUS

• Place of punishment
• Name for Hades realm as a whole
• Erebus
• The darkness of Tartarus
• Tartarus itself

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Elysian Fields

• Elysium, the Elysian Fields. Paradise in the
  Underworld.

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Three Judges

• MINOS RHADAMANTHUS,
• and AEACUS
• Pass sentence on the just and unjust souls

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Charon

• The Ferryman
• Transports souls across the river Styx, or
  Acheron.
• He demands as fare the coin that is buried in the
  mouth of a corpse

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Hermes Psychopompus

• Hermes Psychopompus
• Hermes as "leader of the soul" takes our
  souls, after death, to Charon.

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Cerberus

• The Hound of Hades
• Guards the realm
• Ferocious, with (at least) three snarling heads

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The Furies

• ERINYES
• Born from Uranus blood
• Pitiless and just avengers of crime, especially
  murder and blood-guilt within the family

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Dionysus (Bacchus)

• God of Ecstasy

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Satyrs making wine
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THE BIRTH of Dionysus

• Zeus loved SEMELE, daughter of CADMUS
• Hera convinced Semele to trick Zeus into
  revealing himself
• Semele was burned, but their unborn child was
  saved by Zeus
• Dionysus was born from Zeus thigh and brought up
  by nymphs and Semele's sister Ino on a mountain
  named Nysa

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THE BACCHAE OF EURIPIDES 1

• Dionysus comes to Thebes where his religion is
  repudiated
• The women of Thebes become possessed by frenzy
  (animal skins, tambourines, with the thyrsus) on
  Mt. Cithaerion

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THE BACCHAE OF EURIPIDES 2

• Cadmus grandson Pentheus is vehemently opposed
  to the new religion
• Deceived by Dionysus, he participates in his
  rites disguised as a woman
• He is discovered and torn to pieces by the
  Bacchae led by his mother AGAVE

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Pentheus death
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THE NATURE OF DIONYSUS

• God of vegetation
• God of wine
• Represents the irrational in human beings
• Dionysiac ecstasy, MANIA, combines the bestial
  and the sublime

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THE RELIGION OF DIONYSUS

• Dionysus took possession of his worshipers
• In a ceremony called OMOPHAGY they ate raw flesh
  of the sacrificial animal
• The congregation that engaged in this ritual
  communion was called THIASUS

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Animal sacrifice Nepal 1964
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DIONYSUS FOLLOWERS

• Female followers of D. called MAENADS or BACCHAE
  are women possessed by the god
• These names are also given to the mythological
  nymphs, spirits of nature, in Dionysus' retinue

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DIONYSUS FOLLOWERS

• SATYRS male counterparts of the Maenads, part man
  and part animal, with a horse's tail and ears and
  a goat's beard and horns    
• SILENI are older satyrs, some of whom are wise

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DIONYSIAC PROPS

• Animal skins and garlands
• THYRSUS a pole wreathed with ivy or vine
  leaves, pointed at the top to receive a pinecone

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DIONYSUS AND APOLLO

• Dionysus unrestrained freedom and passion
• Apollo the lyre's disciplined melody, reason,
  and self-control.
• Friedrich Nietzche's study of drama entitled The
  Birth of Tragedy emphasizes this contrast as an
  essential feature of Greek drama.

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DIONYSUS-ZAGREUS

• Zeus mated with his daughter Persephone, and she
  bore a son ZAGREUS
• Hera incited the Titans to dismember the child
  and devour the pieces
• The heart of the child was saved and Dionysus
  was born again, through Semele and Zeus, as
  recounted above.

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Dionysus

• Zeus in anger destroyed the Titans
• From their ashes mortals were born
• We inherit our bodies from the Titans and our
  souls from the god they had devoured

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DIONYSUS AND ARIADNE

• ARIADNE gave the hero Theseus a thread by which
  he could find his way out of the labyrinth after
  killing the Minotaur.
• He abandoned her on the island of Naxos
• She was rescued by Bacchus, who fell in love
  with her

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ICARIUS

• Dionysus rewarded the hospitality of ICARIUS by
  giving him the gift of wine
• The people who first felt its effects thought
  that they had been poisoned and killed Icarius

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KING MIDAS OF PHRYGIA

• Silenus was captured and brought before King
  Midas who recognized him and returned him to the
  god.
• Dionysus promised to give the king any gift that
  he wished
• Midas asked for golden touch

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Poussin Midas and Bacchus
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The Homeric Hymn to Dionysus

• Pirates carried D. off on their ship.
• The bonds miraculously would not hold
• A vine entwined about the mast and grew up to the
  very top of the sail
• The god became a terrifying lion
• The sailors leaped into the sea and became
  dolphins

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PAN

• God of shepherds and of music
• Part man, with the horns, ears, and legs of a
  goat
• His father often identified as Hermes

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SYRINX

• Fled the advances of Pan
• Was transformed into a bed of marsh reeds
• Pan cut two of them, fastened with wax, and
  fashioned his own musical instrument, the pan-pipe

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ECHO 1

• Ran away from Pan
• Spread such "panic" among a group of shepherds
  that they tore her to pieces
• Only her voice remained

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ECHO 2

• Conspired with Zeus to divert Heras attention
• Was deprived of speech
• Fell in love with Narcissus
• Withered away

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Hermes

• God of Boundaries

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Hermes
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THE HOMERIC HYMN TO HERMES

• Zeus loved MAIA luxurious cave, and
• She bore HERMES (MERCURY).
• This precocious baby was born at dawn, by midday
  he was playing the lyre, and in the evening he
  stole the cattle of Apollo.

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Hermes Invents the Seven-stringed Lyre

• He used
• a hollowed tortoise shell
• reeds
• an ox's hide
• strings of sheep gut

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Hermes Steals Apollo's Cattle

• At night, he cut off 50 cows from the herd
• He made them walk backwards, their heads facing
  him
• He walked straight ahead, wearing sandals of
  wicker that he had woven to disguise his tracks

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Apollo Tracks Down Hermes

• Apollo heard of a child driving a herd backwards
• The guessed the thiefs identity and found Hermes
  in his cradle
• He took the baby to the Mt. Olympus, where he
  sought justice from Zeus

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The Reconciliation of Hermes and Apollo

• Zeus laughed and ordered Hermes to lead Apollo to
  the cattle
• Hermes returns the cattle
• He shows the lyre to Apollo and offers it to him
• Apollo gives Hermes a golden staff and directs
  him to three goddesses who will teach him the art
  of prophecy

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Hermaphroditus

• Son of Hermes and Aphrodite
• The nymph of a spring Salmacis fell in love with
  young H.
• H. rejected her
• S. clung to H. when he was swimming in the spring
  
• Their two bodies were joined together

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THE NATURE OF HERMES

• God of shepherds
• Patron of thieves and business people
• Master of persuasion
• Psychopompus
• Messenger of the gods
• Archetypal trickster

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ATTRIBUTES OF HERMES

• PETASUS a broad-brimmed hat, sometimes winged
• Sandals often winged.
• CADUCEUS a herald's staff, sometimes entwined
  with two snakes

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Herms

• Rectangular or square pillars equipped with male
  genitals and with the head or bust of Hermes on
  top.
• Brought fertility and good luck