Grammar and Punctuation

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Grammar and Punctuation

• Test Review

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Punctuation marks are to reading what stoplights
and street signs are to driving.

• They tell us
• when to slow down
• When to stop
• Whats coming up next

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Why do we use punctuation I dont really see what
the point of it is It seems to me that of all the
things involved in writing such as prewriting
coming up with a main idea organizing your ideas
and using interesting words punctuation is least
important
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8 Sentence Punctuation Patterns

• Pattern 1

Simple Sentence
Doctors are concerned about the rising death rate
from asthma.
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Pattern 2 Compound Sentence
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There are 7 coordinating conjunctions

• For
• And
• Nor
• But
• Or
• Yet
• So

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Pattern 3 Compound Sentence
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Pattern 4 Compound Sentence
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Some independent markers

• Therefore
• Moreover
• Thus
• Consequently
• However
• Also
• In as much

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Pattern 5 Complex Sentence
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Some dependent markers

• Because
• Before
• Since
• While
• Although
• If
• until

• When
• Then
• After
• As
• As if

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Pattern 6 Complex Sentence
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Pattern 7
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Pattern 8
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Punctuation Practice

• I am going home and I intend to stay there.
• I am going home, and I intend to stay there.

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I am going to the grocery store and to the
cleaners.

• No punctuation. There is not an independent
  clause on both sides of the coordinating
  conjunction.

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They couldnt make it to the summit and back
before dark therefore they decided to camp for
the night

• They couldnt make it to the summit and back
  before dark therefore, they decided to camp for
  the night

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While I was eating the cat scratched the door.

• While I was eating, the cat scratched the door.

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She was late for class because her alarm clock
was broken.

• No punctuation

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After the test but before lunch I went jogging.
After the test but before lunch, I went jogging.
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I am going home I intend to stay there.
I am going home I intend to stay there.
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When the snow stops falling well shovel the
driveway.
When the snow stops falling, well shovel the
driveway.
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Beware of a shift in verb tense

• Do not shift from one tense to another if the
  time frame for each action is the same.

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The ocean contains rich minerals that washed down
from rivers and streams

• The ocean contains rich minerals that wash from
  rivers and streams

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About noon the sky darkened, a breeze sprang up,
and a low rumble announces the approaching storm.

• About noon the sky darkened, a breeze sprang up,
  and a low rumble announced the approaching storm.

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Yesterday we had walked to school but later rode
the bus home.

• Yesterday we walked to school but later rode the
  bus home.

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Do shift tense to indicate a change in time frame
from one action to another.

• The children love their new tree house, which
  they built themselves.

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Who and that

• Use who or whom to begin an adjective clause that
  follows a person. Use that to begin an adjective
  clause that follows an object.

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The man that lives in our neighborhood also sells
cars.

• The man who lives in our neighborhood also sells
  cars.

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The book _____ you left on the table belongs to
Jack, ____ is my lab partner.

• That
• who

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A and An

• A goes before all words that egin with
  consonants.

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Use A before these words

• A cat
• A dog
• A purple onion
• A buffalo
• A big apple

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One exception

• Use an before unsounded h

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• An honorable judge
• An honest error

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An goes before all words that begin with vowels

• An apricot
• An egg
• An Indian
• An orbit
• An uprising

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Two exceptions

• When u makes the same sound as the y in
  you, then a is used.
• A union
• A united front
• A unicorn
• A used napkin

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Pronoun clarity

• Dont be vague or ambiguous. Refer clearly to a
  specific noun.

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Although the motorcycle hit the tree, it was not
damaged.

• Is it the motorcycle or the tree?

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I dont think they should show violence on TV.

• Who are they?

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If you put this paper in your notebook, you can
refer to it.

• Refer to what?

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Pronouns must also agree in number and in gender.

• Everybody ought to do his or her best. (NOT
  their best)
• Neither of the girls brought her umbrella. (NOT
  their umbrellas)
• If a student parks a car on campus, he or she has
  to buy a parking sticker. (NOT they have to buy
  a parking sticker.)

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Fragments, Run-ons, Complete sentences

• They werent dangerous criminals they were
  detectives in disguise.

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Fragment, Run-on, or Complete

• He often watched TV when there were only reruns
  she preferred to read instead.
• A story with deep thoughts and emotions.
• A record of accomplishment beginning when you
  were first hired.
• The ultimate effect of all advertising is to sell
  the product.

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Possessive nouns and pronouns

• Posses.sive nouns contain apostrophes.
  Possessive pronouns do not

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Plural nouns do not contain apostrophes.

• Jacks grandmother
• The grandmothers were invited to the party.

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For doing freelance work for a competitor got
Phil fired.

• I need to find a new roommate. Because the one I
  have now isnt working out too well.
• The current school dress code is incomplete as it
  stands. Which is why we believe it should be
  changed.

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Parallel structure

• Jacks odious neighbor had the habit of sitting
  on his front porch biting his toenails and then
  spitting them at stray cats.

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capitalization
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Active/Passive Voice