I' Origins of Americans and Their Culture

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• I. Origins of Americans and Their Culture
• II. Emerging Civilizations in Mesoamerica
• III. Classical Mayan Civilization
• IV. The Post-Classical Era in Mesoamerica
• V. The Amerindians of North America

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• I. Origins of Americans and Their Culture
• Origins
• from 20,000 years ago
• Clovis points, c. 11,200 B.C.E.
• Chile by 10,500 B.C.E.
• Caral, Peru
• first city, c. 2600 B.C.E.
• Maize
• Tehuacán valley of Mexico c. 5000 B.C.E.
• Mississippi Valley to Argentine pampas,
• by 1000 B.C.E.

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• II. Emerging Civilizations in Mesoamerica
• A. Formative Period (1500150 C.E.)
• Olmec civilization
• c. 1200 B.C.E., Vera Cruz
• pyramids
• B. The Classical Period (150900 C.E.)
• Achievements
• written communication
• complex time reckoning
• interregional trade
• Teotihuacán
• 125200,000
• Monte Alban

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• III. Classical Mayan Civilization
• A. Origins
• B. Centers
• Kaminaljuyu
• Tikal, by 550 C.E.
• C. Achievements
• calendar
• writing system
• pictographs, glyphs

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• IV. The Post-Classical Era in Mesoamerica A.
  The Toltecs
• Capital Tollan
• Quetzalcoatl - Teotihuacan god
• Tezcatlipoca - Toltec war-god
• Yucatán
• Chichén Itzá
• Mayapán
• B. The Aztecs
• into central Mexico by 1200
• Tenochtitlán (Mexico City)
• Lake Texcoco, c. 1325
• tributary of Atzcapotzalco
• Alliance with Tecoco, Tlacopán against
  Atzcapotzalco
• Itzcoatl (14271440)
• Montezuma I (14401468)
• Montezuma II (15021520)
• Spanish invasion

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• IV. The Post-Classical Era in Mesoamerica
• (B. The Aztecs)
• Social organization
• Calpulli (clans)
• Pipiltin (nobles)
• Pochteca (merchants)
• Religion
• Huitzilopochtli (sun/war god)
• Tlateloco (god of rain)
• Pyramids to both Agriculture
• dams, canals
• chinampas (floating gardens)

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• IV. The Post-Classical Era in Mesoamerica C.
  The Inca
• 200 ethnolinguistic groups
• c. 600, cities emerge Kingdoms at Huari,
  Tiahuanaco collapse, tenth century
• Kingdom of Chimu
• c. 1200, Cuzco valley settled
• Viracocha (d. 1438)
• conquest
• Pachacuti (1438-1471) Quechua, official
  language
• Topa Upanqui (1471-1493) conquest of Chimu

Infrastructure canal system roads Comm
and economy Society nobles nobles of
conquered peoples common workers slaves E
mperor ministers Imperial Council Religion
vast clergy Sun-god
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• V. The Amerindians of North America
• A. The Iroquois of the Northeast
  Woodlands settled agriculture
• B. The Adena and Hopewell Cultures, Ohio
  Valley
• from 800 B.C.E.
• Sunflowers, squash, maize
• Mounds
• C. The Mississippian Culture
• Cahokia, Illinois
• wattle-and-daub houses
• 9001150
• Decline, c. 1400

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• V. The Amerindians of North America
• A. The Iroquois of the Northeast
  Woodlands settled agriculture
• B. The Adena and Hopewell Cultures, Ohio
  Valley
• from 800 B.C.E.
• Sunflowers, squash, maize
• Mounds

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• V. The Amerindians of North America
• C. The Mississippian Culture
• Cahokia, Illinois
• wattle-and-daub houses
• 9001150
• Decline, c. 1400

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• V. The Amerindians of North America
• D. The Southwest Mogollon, Hohokam, and
  Anasazi
• Commonalities maize, beans, squash
• adobe, masonry
• pottery
• Mogollon , 300 B.C.E.1340 C.E.
• Hohokam
• canals
• Anasazi, 3001300
• Cotton cloth

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• V. The Amerindians of North America
• E. The Navajo, the Apache, the Mandan
• Navajo
• Apache
• Mandan
• F. The Far North Inuit and Aleut
• Aleuts
• kayaks
• Inuits (Eskimos)