Peru

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Peru
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Key Issues

• I. The Regions Most Reformist and
  state-expanding military rule (1968-1980)
  
• II. The most open democracy (1980-1992)
• III. The most virulent insurrection Shining
  Path (1980-present)

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Political Culture

• A. No civilian president until 1872 Manuel
  Pardo
  
• B. British interests guano in the 19c Century
• C. The War of the Pacific 1879-1883
• 1. Chile took over large part of Peru and
  Bolivia
  
• 2. led to liberal democracy (1895-1919)

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Historical Background

• A. Consolidation 1824-1895
• B. Limited Civilian Democracy 1895-1919

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Populism and Mass Parties 1919-1968

• 1. APRA (American Popular Revolutionary Alliance)
  
  
• a) Founded by Victor Haya de la Torre in 1924
• b) Reformist mass based party
• c) Military never allowed it to rule
• 2. 1963 military supported Popular Action Party
  Fernando Belaúnde Terry, reformist
  
• 1963-68 reforms
• Nationalization of IPC (Standard Oil) stopped
  Alliance for Progress aid to Peru

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Oct. 3 1968 military coup
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Reformist Military Rule 1968-80

• Why Reformist military?
• a) CAEM (Center for Higher Military Studies)
• b) Anti-guerrilla campaign in 1965
• c) US military training 40s to 60s
• d) Not to sell jet fighters to Peru nationalist
  sentiment
  
• e) Military civic-action programs after 1959

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Diversifying dependency

• Agrarian reform program
• corporatism

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Why failed?

• a) Too ambitious
• b) Assumed continuing economic success
• c) Failed to consult with people mistrust
• d) Illness of Juan Velasco Alvarado

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1975 coup by Francisco Morales Bermúdez

• a) Constitutional Assembly elections in 1978
• b) APRA won the most seats

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Full Civilian Democracy (1980-92)

• 1. Belaúndes AP took majority 85
• 2. Economic Troubles

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The Shining Path

• a) Ayacucho
• b) Maoist José Carlos Mariátegui, founder of CP
  Peru
  
• c) Abimael Guzmán

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Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)

• a) Lima based
• b) Japanese embassy occupation
• c) Rory Berenson

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1985 Alan García of APRA won the presidency

• a) 55-year struggle finally took power
• b) for the first time civilian government
  transferred to civilian democratic govt.

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The economic disaster

• Inflation 1722 in 1988, 2600 in 1989, 7650 in
  1990

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1990 Election

• a) FREDEMO with Mario Vargas Llosa
• b) Alberto Fujimori (Cambio 90)
• (1) National Agrarian University president
• (2) Represent Poor

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Fujimoris shock therapy

• a) Inflation downed to 28
• b) Pushed several million Peruvian to poverty
• c) Popularity remained high
• d) Govt winning over Shining Path and MRTA

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The Autogolpe and its aftermath 1992-93

• 1. Declaration of suspending democracy April
• 2. dissolved congress, judiciary
• 3. New election in November 1992
• 4. Cambio 90 majority
• 5. New Constitution in 1993
• 6. Sep. 1992 Shining Path leader Abimael Guzmán
  was arrested

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Direct Democracy

• 1. broad popular support
• 2. inflation ended
• 3. economic growth started
• 4. innovative local development reduced poverty
  20 and extreme poverty 50
  
• 5. Political violence reduced
• 6. 1995 overwhelming victory

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However

• 7. Oppositions were intimidated
• 8. Vladimiro Montesinos
• 9. SIN (National Information System)
• 10. 2000 Election
• a) Alejandro Toledo withdrew
• b) Fujimori barely made