By: Diana, David, Katie, Becky and Emily

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Chapter 17

• By Diana, David, Katie, Becky and Emily

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New Economic Patterns

• Europes population began to grow around 1750.
  The falling death rate was probably the most
  important reason why the population grew so
  rapidly. Also, the bubonic plague disappeared and
  diets improved
• Food production increased and more land was
  farmed. Also many new crops were brought in,
  including the potato and maize from the Americas
• In Europe the most important industrial product
  was textiles. The textiles used to be produced by
  master artisans in guild workshops. But soon the
  production was shifted to the countryside.
• In the domestic system, a merchant-capitalist
  entrepreneur bought the raw materials and sent
  them to rural workers who spun the materials into
  yarn and cloth. Then the capitalist-entrepreneurs
  sold the finished product and used the profits to
  purchase more raw materials.
• In the 18th century, overseas trade boomed,
  especially between Europe, Africa, the Far East,
  and the Americas. Materials such as silver, gold,
  tobacco, cotton, coffee, slaves, etc. were
  traded.
• Commercial capitalism created enormous prosperity
  for some European countries, especially England
  and France. London became the worlds greatest
  port.

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European Society in the Eighteenth Century

• Society was divided into the traditional orders
  or estates determined by heredity. Government
  helped maintain these divisions.
• About 85 of the European population was
  peasants. However, there was great diversity
  within the peasant class, such as being a serf or
  being a free peasant.
• The nobles were 2 to 3 of the population. They
  controlled the military, the government, and the
  life of their local districts. They were also
  exempt from many taxes.
• Townspeople were a distinct minority of the total
  population, except in the Dutch Republic,
  Britain, and parts of Italy.
• Many cities in western and central Europe had a
  long tradition of patrician oligarchies that
  controlled the communities by dominating town and
  city councils. Below the patricians were the
  upper crust of the middle class, which included
  non-noble officeholders, bankers, and merchants.
  Below them was the lower middle class, including
  master artisans, shopkeepers, and small traders.
  Finally, there were the working classes and a
  large group of unskilled workers who were
  servants, maids, cooks, etc.

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Changing Patterns of War Global Confrontation

• To philosophers, war was a foolish waste of life
  and resources which had no value to humankind.
• Rivalry among states was unchanged in Europe
• States were mainly self governing that were
  guided towards acquiring more land

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The War of the Austrian Succession

• In 1740, conflict erupted over the succession of
  the Austrian throne, previously held by Habsburg
  emperor Charles VI.
• Successor was a woman by the name of Maria
  Theresa.
• King Frederick II of Prussia took advantage of
  this by invading Austria Silesia.
• France entered the war against its traditional
  enemy.
• Great Britain sided with Austria, for fear of
  French domination of Continental Affairs.
• Fought in three areas of the world Europe,
  Asia, and North America.
• Treaty in 1748 returned all lands to original
  owners, except for Silesia.

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The Seven Years War

• Maria Theresa didnt accept the loss of Silesia.
• Worked diplomatically to separate France from
  Prussia.
• France vs. Britain, Austrian (16th), Prussia.
• France allied with Austria and Russia vs. Britain
  and Prussia.
• Frederick the Great managed to have a series of
  successes, but was facing eminent defeat until
  Peter III (Russia) pulled his troops.
• Stalemate, 1763, led to return of all lands, and
  Austria officially recognized Prussias permanent
  control of Silesia.

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• In India, France had to leave the British alone.
• North America a popular battleground.
• Waterways of Gulf of Saint Lawrence, protected by
  the fortress of Louisbourg and by forts that
  protected French Quebec and French traders.
• Unsettled Ohio River valley.
• French began moving down. Beginning held
  success.
• French unable to resupply troops. Forced into
  Treaty of Paris, which ceded Canada and lands
  east of the Mississippi to England. Spain gave
  Spanish Florida to British in return of French
  Louisiana Territory.

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Society of Latin America

• Most colonies were unlike their European
  counterparts
• Latin America had a multiracial society
  --European and American Indian children were
  called mestizos
• European and African children were called
  mulattoes
• Both groups created an interracial society in
  Latin America

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Economy in Latin America

• Spanish and Portuguese searched their colonized
  areas for gold and silver
• The Spanish found gold in the Caribbean and
  modern day Colombia
• Silver was found in Mexico
• Agriculture was also important with a focus on
  the large landowner (Roman latifundia)
• Peasants works a landlord's farm and were similar
  to serfs
• Latin American colonies were centers of trade and
  raw materials
• Spain and Portugal exported things such as gold,
  sliver, sugar, tobacco, diamonds, animal hides
  and other natural products in return for
  manufactured items from their home countries

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The State and Church in Colonial Latin America

• The State
• The regulation of such colonies as Portuguese
  Brazil and Spanish America were hard to do so
  many of these areas were nearly separate from
  their homelands
• To keep this in hand most Europeans held the most
  important government posts in the colonies
• A governor General, or Viceroy was created to
  rule Brazil, he controlled the captains-general,
  who controlled various districts of Brazil
• The king of Spain appointed a viceroy to rule his
  territories (Mexico and Peru), this was later
  divided into four, with the addition of New
  Granada and La Plata
• Again, all of the major posts were held by
  Spaniards

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The State and Church in Colonial Latin America

• The Church
• Both the Spaniards and the Portuguese wanted to
  convert indigenous peoples to Christianity
• This gave the Catholic Church more power and soon
  missionaries were setting out to different parts
  of the empire
• The Missionaries brought Indians together in
  villages to make it easier to convert them
• The Church constructed such things as hospitals,
  orphanages and schools and also constructed
  Nunneries

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British North America

• In 18th century United Kingdom, Parliament was
  gradually gaining more and more power.
  Parliament was dominated by the aristocracy in
  the House of Lords and the landed gentry in the
  House of Commons. The new Hanoverian dynasty
  came into power in 1714, after Queen Anne died.
  Because of the Hanovers unfamiliarity with the
  English language and British political system,
  the prime minister held great power. William
  Pitt the Elder became Prime Minister in 1757 and
  expanded the empire to include Canada and India
  in the Seven Years War.

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American Revolution

• Britain controlled much of North America. After
  the Seven Years War, Britain levied new taxes
  through the stamp act to increase revenue. This
  led to riots and was quickly repealed. After
  arguments over britains involvement in the
  colonies politics, the colonies approved the
  Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The
  French aided the American Continental Army to
  gain revenge against Britain. General Cornwallis
  surrendered at Yorktown and signed the Treaty of
  Paris in 1783, granting the colonies
  independence.

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Birth of a new Nation

• The colonies were wary of strong central power
  and ratified the Articles of Confederation in
  1781. In 1787 delegates met in Philadelphia to
  revise it, but instead wrote the Constitution.
  This document gave the central government the
  power to levy taxes, raise an army, regulate
  trade, and create a currency and divided the
  federal government into three branches. The
  constitution was just barely ratified by the
  states, and the Bill of Rights was added in March
  1789 to define the peoples rights and freedoms.

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THE END