BODY COMPOSITION

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BODY COMPOSITION

• Antonio La Russa M.D.

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Body Composition

• most methods consider body having two components
• fat component, i.e. fat mass
• fat-free component, i.e. fat-free mass (FFM)
• essential and non-essential fat
• body fat is the of total body weight
• average values women, 25 men 15
• minimal values women, 8-12 men 5
• considered obese women, gt30 men gt20

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Determining Ideal Body Weight

• Metropolitan heightweight tables
• body mass index (BMI)
• weight (kg) / height2 (m2)
• hydrostatic (underwater) weighing
• anthropometric (skin-fold) measurements
• bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

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Ratings of Fat (ages 18-30)
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(No Transcript)
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Hydrostatic (Underwater) Weighing

• determines body density
• principles involved
• fat is less dense than water
• FFM is more dense than water
• assumptions
• fat density is 0.9007 g/cm3
• FFM density is 1.1000 g/cm3
• SE 2.5 - 3.0
• accuracy influenced by sex, age, race, muscle
  mass, RV determination

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Anthropometric (Skinfold) Measurements

• gt100 equations available from which to choose
• most commonly used and most accurateare
  generalized equations by Jackson et al.
• SE 3.5 - 4.0
• accuracy affected by extremes in age, fat, race

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Bioelectrical Impedance
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Suggested Reading on Body Composition

• Houtkooper, L.B. and S. Going. Body Composition
  How should it be measured? Does it affect sport
  performance? 7(5), SSE52, 1994.
• http//www.gssiweb.com

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Body Composition and Sport Performance

• clear relationship between low fat and better
  performance
• Question What is ideal fat?
• potential consequences of large weight loss
• chronic fatigue
• Female Athlete Triad

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ACSM Position Stand

• Weight loss strategies
• http//www.acsm-msse.org/pt/pt-core/template-journ
  al/msse/media/1201.pdf
• Nutrition and athletic performance
• http//www.acsm-msse.org/pt/pt-core/template-journ
  al/msse/media/1200.pdf

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Weight Management

• Weight change energy intake energy
  expenditure
• Energy Intake
• caloric density
• CHO 4 kcal/g
• protein 4 kcal/g
• fat 9 kcal/g
• ethanol 7 kcal/g
• influence of diet composition

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Weight ManagementCalculate Intake from Fat
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Weight Management

• Energy Expenditure
• basal metabolic rate (BMR) affected by
• energy intake
• exercise
• activity / exercise

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Weight ManagementEnergy Expenditure (kcal/min)
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Effects of low-energy intake on RMR
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Effects of low-energy intake and exercise on RMR
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Weight Management
Principles Common to Successful Programs

• diet modification
• physical activity modification
• behavior modification

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Weight ManagementBehavior Modification

• avoid automatic eating
• plan meals ahead of time
• dont serve self more food than should eat
• avoid social binges
• practice other stress management techniques
• set realistic goals
• incorporate physical activity into program

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Weight Management

• Summary
• lose weight slowly (i.e. ?2 lb/week)
• ? energy intake
• ? fat intake
• ? complex CHO and fiber intake
• exercise regularly (3-5 X/week)
• modify eating habits/attitudes

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Female Athlete Triad

• female athletes most prone to eating disorders,
  affects 30-65
• insufficient energy intake causes menstrual
  dysfunction
• infrequent or absence of menstruation will ?
  mineral absorption by bone
• ? bone mineral density will ? risk of bone injury
  and may have life-long effects

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Suggested Reading on Female Athlete Triad

• The Female-Athlete Triad. 8(1), RT 27, 1997.
  Roundtable Discussion http//www.gssiweb.com