Body Composition

1
Body Composition

• Chapters 7 and 8

2
Body Composition

• Overweight vs Overfat
• Metropolitan Life Insurance Height-Weight Charts

3
Two-component Model

• Fat mass
• Fat-free mass

4
Four Component Model

• Adipose
• Bone
• Muscle
• Water

5
Criterion Referenced Standards

• College Aged Men Women
• Underfat lt 3 lt12
• Healthy Zones 3-20 12-30
• Overfat gt20 gt 30
• Obese gt 25 gt 35

6
Essential Fat

• Necessary for normal physiologic function
• Men 3
• Women 12

7
Non-essential fat

• Stored energy
• Average for College Aged
• Man 12
• Woman 12

8
Average for College Aged

• Male 15
• Female 24

9
Sport specific body fat levels

• Movement required?
• Resistance to movement required?

10
Body Composition Abnormalities

• Obesity Epidemic
• 168 billion expense
• 33.3 of all U.S. adults are obese - an excess
  of body fat frequently resulting in a
  significant impairment of health
• 70 are sedentary
• 25 of school-aged children are obese.
• 70 chance of early death.

11
Creeping Obesity

• Food Intake
• Activity Levels
• Basal Metabolic Rate

12
Fat Management

• Energy in energy out no change in fatness
• Energy in gt energy out get fatter
• Energy in lt energy out lose fat

13

• IT IS JUST AS DANGEROUS TO YOUR HEALTH TO BE
  UNDERFAT AS IT IS TO BE OVERFAT!!!!!

14
Underfatness and eating disorders

• Anorexia nervosa
• Bulimia nervosa

15
Factors Influencing Body Composition

• Energy intake
• Energy output
• Genetics

16
Fat Patterning

• Sex related patterns
• Genetic based patterns

17
Truncal Adiposity
18
Fat Storage

• One door room.
• Primary storage sites.
• Secondary storage sites.
• Hyperplasia vs Hypertrophy

19
Unwise Fat Loss Techniques

• 1. Starvation.
• Fat loss
• Water loss dehydration
• Muscle loss.
• Fat gain.

20
Unwise Fat Loss Techniques

• 2. Decreased retention
• Laxatives and Diuretics
• dehydration
• malnutrition

21
Unwise Fat Loss Techniques

• 3. Increased metabolism.
• Stimulants
• tolerance
• addiction

22
Unwise Fat Loss Techniques

• 4. Liposuction.

23
Unwise Fat Loss Techniques

• 5. Magic.
• Pills
• Lotions
• Vibration
• etc

24
Reality vs Image
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Maintenance of a Healthy Body Composition Profile

• The only proven way to maintain a healthy body
  composition profile is to balance healthy
  nutrition with regular exercise.

30
Fat Loss

• Dieting alone is ineffective

31
Fat Loss

• Exercise alone is also ineffective.
• You would have to run 35 miles to expend the
  energy in one pound of fat!

32
Fat Loss

• Of the two, exercise is most influential

33
ACSM recommends

• eat 250 less per day
• expend 250 more per day
• (walk 2.5 miles)
• 500 kcal per day reduction

34
ACSM recommends

• do this 7 days a week
• 3500 kcal in a week
• 52 lbs in a year
• See additional recommendations

35
Assessment of Body Composition

• 1. Chemical analysis of cadavers.
• Most accurate
• Can only pre-test
• Tough finding volunteers

36
Assessment of Body Composition

• 2. Hydrostatic weighing.
• Land weight
• Residual Volume and GI volume
• Water weight
• Archimedes principle
• Density
• Percent fat.
• 2 percent error.

37
Assessment of Body Composition

• 3. Skinfold assessment.
• Subcutaneous fat
• Site specific measurements
• Population specific equations
• Jackson, Pollock, Wilmore
• Lohman
• Yuhaz
• 3-4 percent error

38
Assessment of Body Composition

• 4. Body Mass Index
• wt (kg)/ht 2 (m)
• Normal lt 25 men lt 27 women
• Moderately obese 25-30 men 27-30 women
• Massively obese 30-40 either
• Morbidly obese gt 40.

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Assessment of Body Composition

• 5. Bioelectric Impedance Analysis
• Electrical current
• Total body water volume
• Body density
• Fat mass
• 3-20 percent error (depending on equation)

40
Assessment of Body Composition

• Bod Pod
• Air displacement

41
Concerns of Assessment

• Confidentiality
• Accuracy
• Purpose
• Over-emphasis

42
Computing Target Wt assuming all wt. Loss is
fat Fill in boxes with double lines and compute
others
1
minus
Goal Fat
Current Fat
Goal LBM
?by
X
Current Body Wt
Current Fat Wt
Current LBM
Target Body Wt
minus
is expressed as a decimal. Divide by 100
before entering the data.