Heart

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Heart
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Mediastinum

• Anterior
• Posterior
• Superior

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Mediastinum
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Medisatinum
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Heart in Situ

• Orientation
• Fibrous Pericardium
• Parietal Layer of Serous Pericardium
• Visceral Layer of Serous Pericardium the
  Epicardium
• Myocardium The actual heart muscle
• Serous space, frictionless environment

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Heart in Situ
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Heart
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Pericardium
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Great Vessels

• Superior Vena Cava
• Inferior Vena Cava
• Pulmonary Trunk pulmonary arteries
• Pulmonary veins
• Ascending Aorta

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Great Vessels
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Great Vessels
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Great Vessels
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Right Heart v. Left Heart

• Right pulmonary circulation
• Left systemic circulation
• Artia (right and left) holding chambers
• Ventricles (left and right) pumping chambers
• Interventricular septum
• Thickness of muscular walls

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Circulation R v. L
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Ventricle Walls
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Ventricle Walls
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Right Heart

• Right Atrium Sup. And Inf. Vena Cavae
• A-V orifice
• Tricuspid valve
• Anterior
• Septal
• Posterior
• Papillary muscles
• Chordae tendineae

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Right Heart
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Right Heart
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Right Heart
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Right A-V Tricuspid
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Right Heart

• Right Ventricle
• Pulmonary Valve
• Semilunar
• Anterior cusp
• Right semilunar cusp
• Left semilunar cusp
• Pulmonary Trunk

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Right Ventricle
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Right Ventricle
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Pulmonary Valve
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Left Heart

• Left Atrium
• A-V Orifice
• Left A-V valve Mitral
• Two primary cusps ant. and post.

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Left Atrium
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Mitral Valve
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Mitral Valve
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Left Heart

• Left Ventricle
• Aortic Valve
• Right coronary (semilunar)
• Left coronary (semilunar)
• Posterior semilunar
• Aortic sinuses
• Openings for right and left coronary arteries

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Left Ventricle
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Ascending Aorta

• Elastic v. distributive arteries
• Aortic arch
• Left subclavian and left common carotid
• Right innominate to right subclavian and right cc

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Coronary Circulation

• Left Coronary Artery
• Anterior Interventricular
• Circumflex Branch
• Left Marginal Branch
• Right Coronary Artery
• SA nodal branch
• Right Marginal Branch
• Post. Interventricular Branch

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Coronary Circulation
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Coronary Circulation
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Coronary Circulation
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Coronary Circulation
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Coronary Circulation
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Coronary Circulation
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Coronary Circulation
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Coronary Circulation
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Coronary Circulation
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Conduction System

• SA Node
• AV Node
• AV Bundle of His
• Bundle Branches
• (R and L)
• Purkinjie Fibers

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Conducting System
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Conducting System
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Innervation of the Heart

• Sympathetic
• T1 T4
• Parasympathetic
• CN X
• Cardiac Plexus
• Circulating Hormones, especially from adrenal
  medulla

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Innervation
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Blood

• 8 of body weight
• 8-10 pints in females
• 10-12 pints in men
• Functions
• Carries nutrients, oxygen, hormones and other
  essentials to cells
• Removes wastes (CO2)
• Distributes heat, maintaining homeostasis at 98.6
  F or 37 F
• Defends body against infection

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Blood
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Components of Blood

• Plasma 55 (90 water, 10 solutes)
• WBC and platelets 1
• RBC 44
• 1 drop of blood has 250 million RBC, 16 million
  platelets, 375 WBC

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RBC

• 25 trillion
• AKA erythrocytes
• 99 of cells in blood
• Vital function of carrying O2 in blood and remove
  CO2
• Produced in marrow of bones at a rate of 2
  million per second, start off as immature stem
  cells
• Single cells can squeeze through capillaries

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RBC
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Blood Cells
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RBC

• Are able to carry O2 due to the presence of
  hemoglobin
• Each RBC has 250 million hemoglobin molecules
  that can bind with four O2 molecules meaning
  that each RBC can bind with 1 billion O2
  molecules
• Hemoglobin is a protein, red in color
• O2 binds readily with hemoglobin, so does Carbon
  Monoxide

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WBC

• AKA leukocytes
• Larger than RBC
• Mobile defense force
• 375,000 per drop of blood several types of WBC
  attack specific kinds of invaders from within
  (cancer) and without (bacteria, viruses, fungi)
• Two categories granulocytes and agranulocytes
  (lymphocytes and monocytes AKA phagocytes)

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WBC
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Platelets

• Produce clotting, a self repairing mechanism
  called Hemostasis
• Platelets carried by blood congregate around a
  damage site and form a temporary plug to stop the
  loss of blood
• Blood can then coagulate (clot) to form a more
  permanent seal
• When a vessel is damaged, the smooth inner lining
  (endothelium) of it is damaged and becomes rough
  this causes platelets to react and clots

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Clot
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Blood Vessels

• Arteries, veins and capillaries
• Arteries have a layer of smooth muscle,
  controlled by the autonomic nervous system(not
  under voluntary control)
• Muscle contraction (vasoconstriction) can alter
  the size of the lumen, thus affecting the rate of
  blood movement through it

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Arteries and Veins
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Vessels

• Large vessels become smaller and smaller as they
  reach target, eventually become the capillaries
• Capillaries become arterioles that allow the
  diffusion of nutrients across vessel wall to
  underlying tissue
• Arterioles overlap with venules which begin the
  venous journey back to the heart

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Arteries and Veins
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Vessels

• Veins have little or no muscle wall
• Depend on muscle contraction to move blood back
  to heart
• Veins have valves that prevent backflow

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Muscular Pump
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Major Arteries

• Aorta ascending, arch, descending abdominal
• Carotid common, internal, external
• Anterior cerebral, middle cerebral
• Vertebral brain stem vessels, posterior cerebral

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Major Arteries

• Axillary, brachial, radial, ulnar and branches
• Common iliac, external iliac, femoral, posterior
  tibial, anterior tibial, peroneal, and branches

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Lymphatics

• Lymph Vessels and Lymph Organs
• Maintains blood volume
• Each day about 51 pints of fluid leaves the blood
  as it passes through tissues
• Most returns to capillaries but some 6-8 pints
  remains
• Surplus is called lymph, drains into lymph
  vessels and is emptied back into blood stream

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Lymphatics
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Lymphatics

• Also plays a major role in body defense mechanism
• Lymph contains lymphocytes and machrophages
• Lymph capillaries are found in tissues closely
  related to arterioles and venules
• These drain to larger lymphatic vessels that
  ultimately empty into subclavian veins

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Lymph Cappilaries
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Organs and Nodes
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Lymph Organs

• Lymph nodes are found in strategic locations and
  process lymph passing through it by filtering out
  pathogens
• Spleen near the stomach, has rich blood supply,
  process incoming blood, engulf bacteria, viruses,
  worn out RBCs

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Lymph Organs

• Thymus near the heart shrinks with age as it is
  most important in infancy
• Trains lymphocytes to be effective in immune
  system as they mature in thymus and become
  capable of attacking specific pathogens
• Tonsils back of mouth, throat protect the
  upper GI and respiratory systems from bacteria
  from air and food