Roll of Thunder Hear My Cry

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Roll of Thunder Hear My Cry

• Dina Cameron
• 7th Grade

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Table of Contents

• Civil War A Nation Divided

• Struggle for Civil Rights

• Mississippi

• Mildred Taylor

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Civil War 1861- 1865

• Important Events
• and Words to Know

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What is Slavery?

• It is the state or condition of being held in
  involuntary servitude as the property of somebody
  else.

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Beginnings of Slavery

• The first record of African slavery in Colonial
  America began in 1619 when a Dutch ship brought
  twenty blacks to the English colony of Jamestown,
  Virginia as indentured servants.
• The transformation from indentured servant to
  slave happened gradually.

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Growth of Slavery and a Country

• Over ½ million Africans were brought over from
  Africa during the slave trade.
• The economy of the early country was made
  possible in large part by the free labor afforded
  by slavery.

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Extent of Slavery

• At the time of the American Revolution, slaves
  could be found in all the states.
• Since children born to slaves were automatically
  slaves, the population grew rapidly to nearly 4
  million by 1860.

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Changes in the North
The Steam Engine

• In the late 1700s and
  early 1800s, inventions
  changed the way people lived and worked.
• The Northeast, known as the industrial center of
  the United States, prospered .
• Slavery declined.

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Changes in the South

• The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 helped
  make cotton the most important crop and 1/3 of
  all exports from the U.S by 1812.
• King Cotton required
  a large work force. As
  a result, slavery grew and slaves soon made up
  1/3 of the Souths population.

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Atlanta, Georgia
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The Mason Dixon Line

• The term Mason-Dixon Line designated the
  boundary dividing the slave states from the free
  states during the 1800s.

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A Call for Equality

• An increasing number of Americans, mostly in the
  North, thought slavery was wrong and wanted to
  abolish it. These reformers were called
  Abolitionists.

Abolitionist, William Lloyd Garrison
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Secession A Nation Divided

• The 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, an opponent
  of slavery, led eleven southern states to secede
  the Union.
• South Carolina was the first to leave.

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Confederate States of America

• After leaving the Union, the Southern states
  formed the Confederate States of America with
  Jefferson Davis, from Mississippi, as President.
• The Union held that secession was illegal and
  refused to recognize the Confederacy.

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Civil War Begins!

• The first shots were fired on April 12, 1861 at
  Ft. Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. It
  resulted in the fort's surrender and a
  Confederate victory. With that shot, the Civil
  War began.

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Causes of the Civil War

• Immediate Causes
• Election of Lincoln
• Secession of 11 states due to states rights
• Firing on Ft. Sumter
• Long Term Causes
• Conflict over slavery

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The Two Sides

• Many names were used to identify the two sides

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Major Leaders in the Civil War
Ulysses S. Grant, the Commander of the Union Army
Robert E. Lee, the Commander of the Confederate
Army
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Emancipation Proclamation

• On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln issued the
  proclamation declaring"that all persons held as
  slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and
• henceforward shall be free.

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Emancipation Proclamation

• It did not free slaves in slave states that
  supported the Union.
• It allowed acceptance of black men into the Union
  Army. By the wars end, almost 200,000 black men
  fought for the Union and the freedom promised by
  the Unions victory.

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The Civil War Ends!

• After many fierce
  battles and enormous
  fatalities, the Civil War
  ended on April 9, 1865
  when General Lee
  surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox Court
  House in Virginia giving victory to the North.

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Assassination

• John Wilkes Booth, a confederate supporter, shot
  Abraham Lincoln. The president died the
  following morning on April 15, 1865.

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The SouthDestruction and Reconstruction

• Following the war, the South was in ruins.
  Railroads, barns, houses, and livestock were
  destroyed.
• Reconstruction (1865-1877)is the process of
  rebuilding the Souths society and economy.

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Effects of the Civil War

• Immediate Effects
• Abolition of slavery
• Devastation and Reconstruction of the South
• Nation reunited with readmission of states
• Long- Term Effects
• Boom of industry in North
• A strong federal government established

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The War Between the States

• 3 million fought - 620,000 soldiers died.
• It was the only war fought on American soil by
  Americans.
• More Americans died in the Civil War than in all
  of Americas other wars combined!

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Civil War 1861- 1865

• Return to Table of Contents.

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Struggle for Civil Rights

• Important Events
• and Words to Know

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What are Civil Rights?

• The rights of all citizens to political and
  social freedom and equality as guaranteed by the
  U.S. Constitution and subsequent amendments.

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What is Prejudice?

• It is negative attitude or opinion about aperson
  or group based upon thatperson or group's race,
  color, religion,national origin, ethnicity,
  accent, gender, disability, or other external
  characteristic.

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Civil Rights Act (1866)

• Declared that all persons born in the U.S.
  (except Native Americans) were citizens and were
  entitled to the same rights regardless of their
  race.

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13th Amendment (1865)

• The 13th Amendment abolished slavery as a legal
  institution.

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14th Amendment (1868)

• Declared that all people born in the U.S. were
  citizens and had the same rights.
• It also prevented states from depriving any
  person of life, liberty, and property without
  due process of law.

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The 15th Amendment (1870)

• Guaranteed the right of citizens of the U.S. to
  vote regardless of race, color, or previous
  condition of servitude.

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The Rise of the KKK (1868)

• The Ku Klux Klan was a secret group made of ex-
  Confederate soldiers
• Goals control elections, destroy Republican
  Party, and keep blacks powerless.
• Known for lynching tactics
  

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What is Lynching?

• It is the murder by mob violence, without due
  process of law.

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Sharecropping

• In the South in the late 1800s, most blacks still
  worked for whites as sharecroppers. Because they
  had limited economic power, they also had limited
  political power.
• Sharecropping is a system of agricultural
  production where a landowner allows a
  sharecropper to use the land in return for a
  share of the crop produced on the land.

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Voting Ability vs. Actuality

• Even though the 15th Amendment gave the right,
  blacks were denied the right by use of trickery
  and threats.
• Examples of trickery must pay a poll tax which
  could not be afforded, must take difficult test
  when literacy was a problem
• Examples of threats loss of job, violence

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What is Segregation?

• Segregation is the separation of people of
  different races.
• After Reconstruction and the loss of African
  Americans political power, the South became more
  segregated.

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Jim Crow Laws

• Jim Crow laws were hundred
  of laws passed to keep
  the races separate.
• Jim Crow is an insulting
  term for African- Americans.
• Prompted many to join the Civil Rights Movement.

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Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)

• The Supreme Court ruled that segregation was
  lawful as long as blacks and whites had equal
  facilities.
• This ruling became known as the separate but
  equal doctrine which basically legalized racism.

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What is Racism?

• It is deeply rootedprejudice whichexpressed
  inthe idea thatone race issuperior toanother.

Oklahoma, July 1939
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N.A.A.C.P.

• The National Association for the Advancement of
  Colored People was founded by W.E.B. DuBois in
  1910.

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954- 1968

• Nearly a century after the Civil War, blacks did
  not have the same rights as whites.

• Albany, Georgia 1962

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Leader of the Civil Rights Movement

• Dr. Martin Luther King, a leader of the civil
  rights movement, promoted nonviolent protests.
  He believed that injustice anywhere is a threat
  to justice everywhere.

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Brown versus Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
(1954)

• The N.A.A.C.P. helped to end public school
  segregation through the legal system. The
  landmark case concluded that separate educational
  facilities are inherently unequal.
• Schools should be
  integrated with all
  deliberate speed.
  

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Desegregation

• Integration of public
  schools followed the
  Supreme Courts decision, but
  it was slow and often
  violent.
• By the end of the 1950s, less than 10 of black
  children in the South were attending integrated
  schools.

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Continued Separate and Unequal
In 1963, Ed Peeples photographed an all-white
Green Bay Elementary School
and the all-black Mission Elementary School in
Prince Edward County, Virginia.
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Pictures of Segregation
1963 at University of Alabama- Governor George
Wallace blocking entrance of black students.
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Death of a 14 Year- Old (1955)

• Emmett Till was kidnapped, brutally beaten, shot,
  and dumped in the Tallahatchie River for
  allegedly whistling at a white woman. Two white
  men were arrested for the murder and acquitted by
  an all-white jury. They later boasted about
  committing the murder in a magazine interview.

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Arrest of Rosa Parks (1955)

• Rosa Parks, arrested for refusing to give up her
  seat at the front of the "colored section" of a
  Montgomery, Alabama bus to a white passenger,
  defying a southern custom (Jim Crow law) of the
  time.

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Montgomery, AlabamaBus Boycott 1955-1956

• The arrest of Rosa Parks prompted a year- long
  bus boycott by African- Americans which led to
  integration of the buses.

Dr. King arrested for boycotting the buses,
Montgomery, 1956.

• 1955 meeting at the Holt Street Baptist Church to
  call for the boycott.

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The Most Segregated City in America (1963)

• Dr. King organized segregation protests (sit-ins
  and marches) in Birmingham, Alabama.
• Thousands were arrested (including children).

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Sit- Ins Standing Up for Rights by Sitting
Down (1960s)

• An act of occupying seats in a raciallysegregated
  establishment in organized protest against
  discrimination.
• Popular means of
  non-violent protest
  for college students.

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March on Washington (Aug.1963)

• At the Lincoln Memorial, 200,000 met and listened
  as Martin Luther King delivered his famous "I
  Have a Dream" speech.

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Sixteenth Street Baptist Church ( Sept. 1963)

• Four girls attending Sunday school were killed
  when a bomb exploded.
• Four members of the KKK were responsible for the
  attacks, but it took almost 40 years before the
  last conviction was made.

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Civil Rights Act 1964

• Legislation enacted by Congress,banning
  segregation in public facilities aswell as
  racialdiscrimination inemployment andeducation.

President Lyndon Johnson signing the Civil Rights
Act of 1964 into law.
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What is Integration?

• It is the removing of barriers andplacing all
  groupsof people together.
• Also known asdesegregation.

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What were Literacy Tests?

• Southern states had elaborate voter registration
  procedures including an virtually impossible
  American government test which would only be
  given to blacks. The primary purpose was to deny
  the vote.

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The Voting's Rights Act (1965)

• Legislation making it easier for Southern blacks
  to register to vote. Literacy tests, poll taxes,
  and other such requirements that were used to
  restrict black voting were made illegal.

President Lyndon Johnson signing the Voting
Rights Act of 1965 into law.
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From Selma to Montgomery 1965

• On "Bloody Sunday," March 7, 1965, when 600 civil
  rights marchers were attacked by state and local
  police with billy clubs, tear gas and whips.
  They were hoping to protest voting rights
  violations by marching to the capital.

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What is Civil Disobedience?

• It is the act of non- violently breaking a law to
  draw public attention to a problem concerning
  human rights.
• Examples rallies, marches, sit- ins, boycotts

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Assassination of a Great Leader (1968)

• On April 4th, Dr. King
  was shot while standing
  
  on the balcony of a
  Memphis, Tennessee
  motel. James Earl Ray
  was convicted of the
  murder even though there is question of
  a conspiracy. He died in 1988.

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Civil Rights

• Return to Table of Contents.

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Mississippi
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Mississippi Facts

• Entered the union as the 20th state on December
  10, 1817.
• Cotton is the most important crop grown.

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Mississippi Facts

• Known as the Magnolia State.
• Famous Mississippians include Elvis Presley,
  
  Walter Payton,
  Oprah Winfrey,
  and Jim Henson.

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Mississippi and the Civil War

• One of the eleven to secede in 1861.
• On the Confederate side
• Jackson, the capital, was destroyed during the
  Civil War.
• More Mississippians were killed in the Civil War
  than in any of the other Confederate States.

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Mississippi

• Return to Table of Contents.

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Mildred D. Taylor
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Mildred D. Taylor

• Born in Jackson, Mississippi on September 13,
  1943.
• Won numerous awards for her books.
• Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry won the Newbery
  Medal in 1977.

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Mildred D. Taylor

• Her books are based upon the stories of her
  father and her early childhood in the South.
• Her books are historical fiction.
• Racial prejudice and injustice are the connecting
  themes in all of her books.

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Works Cited

• History of The United States Volume One
• http//www.infoplease.com/spot/civilrightstimeline
  1.html
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/