Topics we will cover

1
Topics we will cover

• Online Cadastre
• Online GIS
• Location Based Services
• Issue Data Capture, Storage and Retrieval
• Issue Privacy, Ownership, etc

2
Online Cadastre

• Geometric Description of Land within the Cadastre
• how it is stored and linked to the register of
  rights, restrictions and responsibilities

3
Digital Cadastral Databases (DCDBs) Defined

• Representation of the geometric component of a
  cadastre in electronic format is termed Digital
  Cadastral Database (DCDB)

4
What is Recorded in a DCDB

• Usually Consists
• Parcel boundaries
• Easements
• Other Additional Contents
• Property boundaries
• Building footprints
• Street addresses
• Administrative boundaries
• Valuation
• Other land use features (garden, roads, railway
  lines, forest, etc.)

5
Graphical vs. Survey Accurate Cadastre

• Level of accuracy is usually survey accuracy
• Isolated Survey Approach leads to a non-survey
  accurate DCDB
• Coordinated Survey Approach leads to a survey
  accurate DCDB which in turn supports a
  coordinated cadastre
• What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of
  non-survey accurate DCDB?
• What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of a
  survey accurate DCDB?

6
Graphical vs. Survey Accurate Cadastre

• Non-Survey Accurate (Graphical) DCDB
• Common approach in Australia
• Less required to setup/maintain DCDB
• More time to complete surveys (less connection to
  neighbouring parcels) but need to re-establish
  parcel nearly every time and connect to geodetic
  control
• Inappropriate use of non-accurate cadastral
  dataset
• Survey Accurate DCDB
• More required to setup/maintain DCDB (up to
  Billions)
• More time to perform initial survey, however very
  little work required to re-do same parcel
• Value-added potential of accurate cadastral
  dataset

7
Updating of DCDBs

• Subdivisions are charted in LTO's (Land Registry)
  on an index map
• Update of the DCDB refers to those processes that
  ensure that all new and existing legal
  subdivisions are recorded, ie. the cadastral map
  or DCDB is up-to-date
• Specifically this should include
• Recording all new legal subdivisions
• Ensuring map completeness

8
Victorian DCDB Organisations Involved in
Updating
9
VicMap Neighbourhood
VicMap Neighbourhood
10
Online GIS

• Web Mapping or WebGIS has the ability to
  distribute geographic information to a massive
  worldwide audience.
• This is achieved through giving internet users
  the ability to access GIS applications from their
  web browsers without having to purchase
  proprietary GIS software.
• This is done by feeding traditional GIS software
  into a Map Server, which utilises database
  servers containing spatial data, to finally
  display geographic information on internet
  enabled machines.
• Web mapping vendors include Autodesk, ESRI, and
  MapInfo

11
Online GIS
12
Online GIS

• There are two main strategies for delivering GIS
  functionality to the web. These are server-side
  and client-side strategies.

13
Server-side Strategy (thin client)

• GIS data and analysis can be accessed on demand
  from a primary server (Map Server) that contains
  the necessary data and software needed to process
  the request
• Advantages
• No GIS knowledge is required
• Only little processing power is required by the
  client
• Access to larger datasets and more complex
  analytical routines
• Control exerted on the user, ensuring correct use
  of data
• Disadvantages
• Every request must be sent to the server for
  processing
• Performance is affected by bandwidth internet
  traffic
• Users computer processing power is not utilised
• Best Suits mass marketing applications
• VicMap Example

14
Client-side Strategy (thick client)

• Some of the work of processing requests is
  shifted back onto the client, and the server is
  used mostly for accessing data
• There is achieved in two ways
• 1. GIS applets delivered on demand
• Applets or small programs are downloaded on
  request to provide the GIS capability
• This is Initially more time consuming however
  ultimately gives the user more freedom to work
  with the data independently of the server
• 2. GIS applets and plug-in applications reside
  on the client permanently
• Browser capabilities are built into existing GIS
  software that runs on the client
• Only data needed for the application is
  downloaded from the server thus giving users full
  control of how they use and analyse it

15
Client-side Strategy (thick client)

• Advantages
• Users processing power is utilised
• Once the client receives the data, analysis can
  be performed without having to be connected to
  the internet
• The user has greater control
• Disadvantages
• Time consuming to initially download large
  amounts of data and applets
• Users may not have the training or ability to
  perform the data and analysis functions properly
• If the users computer is not powerful, processing
  will be difficult and time consuming

16
Future of Online GIS

• The main advantage of internet-based GIS is that
  data from many sources can be delivered across
  the open network without the need for dedicated
  cables.
• Through the use of GIS within the web
  environment, more and more people will be exposed
  to spatial information without even realising it.

17
Location Based Services (LBS)

• Integration of the internet with positioning
  technology
• There are four major categories of Location Based
  Services (LBS)
• Location based information
• Tracking
• Emergency services
• Location sensitive billing

18
LBS Location Based Information

• WAP is an application that provides
  Internet use for mobile phones and PDAs
• Combined with positioning technology, it is
  possible to locate specific services
  nearest to the user

Telstra WhereiS Demo www.telstra.com.au/mobilenet
/phones/wap2/wap_demo.htm
19
LBS Asset Tracking / Control

• Mobile commerce
• Logistics
• Production monitoring

Picture www.nokia.com
20
LBS Emergency Services

• Map downloaded from Internet
• Manually input location of accident

• Calculates quickest route based on distance and
  road speeds
• Australian systems currently do not consider
  traffic

21
Example Motorola Traffic Telematics
22
Location Sensitive Billing
Home

• Mobile phone becomes home phone within local
  region
• Standard local call rates apply to mobile phone
  when used within this region

Standard call region
Local (cheaper) call region
23
Future of Location Based Services

• The number of uses for Location Based Services is
  growing fast
• Currently only a limited number of applications
  for this technology in the Geomatics field
• Can provide a means for the integration of GPS
  with cadastral information
• Users are the major driving force for this
  technology

24
Data Issues

• We are becoming an increasingly data-rich society
• Information is now a commodity
• Cadastral and other spatial data are becoming
  more useful, and to a more diverse range of users
• The spatial industry is shifting focus from
  measurement to management of data

25
Data Issues

• Data Capture
• Online systems obviously require digital data
• Obtained directly via surveying, data extraction
  from imagery, or conversion of paper maps, etc
• All expensive, requiring time and effort
• Data Storage
• Some data needs to be archived for hundreds of
  years
• How can data be stored electronically when
  technology changes so rapidly?
• Much of the hardware and software of a decade ago
  is now obsolete
• Will we be able to read data from a CD ROM in a
  decade?
• What about a century?

26
Data Issues

• Data Maintenance
• Data must be kept up to date
• Think about the number of subdivisions and new
  roads every year!
• Data Sharing
• Spatial data is created in the form and to the
  accuracy relevant to its use
• Multiple formats ARC/INFO coverage files,
  MicroStation design files, etc
• Varying Accuracy eg geodetic control networks
  VS land use coverage
• Data Delivery
• Limitations and multiple variations in
  programming languages, front-end interfaces and
  communication hardware

27
Data Issues

• Spatial Data Processing
• Agencies often use different software for spatial
  analysis and data storage
• Custom interfaces required to communicate between
  software across multiple operating systems,
  networks and architectures
• Data Expectations
• Misunderstanding and over-emphasis on data in
  state-of-the-art systems
• Data Users
• Data providers need to accommodate and target
  their users
• Software needs to prevent Inappropriate or
  unauthorized use of data
• Warnings, disclaimers, guidelines, etc required

28
Privacy and Data Ownership

• New Technologies
• Privacy issue concern
• Old Deeds Register
• Computerization

29
Privacy and Data Ownership

• Example Dale 99
• Different Countries interpretations
• Mobile Phone example

30
Privacy and Data Ownership

• Who should have access to data
• Combinations of datasets
• Map duplication
• Use rights instead of ownership rights
• Value adding

31
Privacy and Data Ownership

• Web security
• People dont fully understand
• Privacy and ownership issues need to be resolved
  for full potential to be reached of online
  systems for land information!