Human Geography of Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica:

1
Human Geography of Southeast Asia, Oceania, and
Antarctica
Migration and Conquest
China and India influenced Southeast Asia, while
Pacific islanders remainedisolated. Eventually,
European colonization greatly altered the entire
region.
Thatbyinnyu Temple in Bagan, Myanmar.
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Human Geography of Southeast Asia, Oceania, and
Antarctica
Migration and Conquest
Southeast Asia
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
Oceania
Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica
SECTION 3
Unit Atlas Political
Unit Atlas Physical
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Influenced by China and India, Southeast Asia
developed many vibrant, complex cultures.
European colonialism left a legacy that
continues to affect the regions politics and
economics.
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SECTION
Southeast Asia
1
A Long History of Diversity
Nations in the Region Brunei, Cambodia, Indone
sia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar - also the Philipp
ines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam
Early History China rules northern Vietnam fro
m 111 B.C. to A.D. 393 Indias Hinduism, Buddh
ism influence regional religion, art
Early Southeast Asian states dont have set
borders - mandalasrings of state power around c
entral court - Khmer EmpireCambodian mandal
a that lasts from 800s to 1400s
Chart
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
continued A Long History of Diversity
Powerful States From 1300 to 1800 five powerfu
l states exist in Southeast Asia
- in todays Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Java,
Malay Peninsula - similar to mandalas, but la
rger and more complex Burmese, Vietnamese, Tha
i, Javanese national identities develop
Urbanization takes place, large cities grow
- Malay Peninsulas Malacca has 100,000 people
in early 1500s
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SECTION
1
Colonialism and Its Aftermath
European Control States trade with Arabian, In
dian merchants Islam grows in islands
In 1509, Europeans mostly seek money, not
colonies Europe controls areas trade, money g
oes to Europe By 1900, all of region, except Si
am (Thailand), is colonized Colonies forced to
farm commodities rubber, sugar, rice, tea,
coffee Nationalism unites allies against ruler
s
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Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
continued Colonialism and Its Aftermath
Independence Japan seeks Asia for Asians,
occupies, exploits region during WWII
After war, states seek independence
IndochinaFrench colonial Cambodia, Laos,
North, South Vietnam - Vietnamese defeat French
in 1954, win independence for all Indochina
U.S. becomes involved in Vietnam War
(1957-1975) - tries to stop Communist control o
f South Vietnam - U.S. leaves in 1973, South Vie
tnam surrenders in 1975 - Vietnam, Cambodia, La
os become Communist
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SECTION
1
An Uneven Economy
Traditional Economies Agriculture is regions
main income source rice is chief food crop
- Myanmar is heavily forested produces teak
wood Lack of industry - Vietnam War destroye
d factories, roads - war refugees left region, r
educed work force - political turmoil in Cambodi
a, Myanmar blocks growth Vietnam builds ind
ustry, seeks foreign investment and trade
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
continued An Uneven Economy
Industry and Finance Some countries have more
highly developed economies - Brunei, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
- form economic alliance ASEANAssociation of
Southeast Asian Nations - other four Southeas
t Asian countries join ASEAN after 1994
Nations dont industrialize until 1960s
- industries agriculture, textile, clothing,
electronic products - Singapore is a finance
center
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SECTION
1
A Rich Mosaic of Culture
Religious Diversity Includes Buddhism Catholi
cism (Philippines) Islam (Indonesia)
- other religions are Hinduism and traditional,
local beliefs
Rich Artistic Legacy Buddhism, Hinduism influe
nce regions sculpture, architecture
- Cambodias ancient temple complex of Angkor
Wat - Thailands Buddhist temples show modern
religious architecture Thailand, Indonesia
have traditional costumed story dances
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SECTION
1
Changing Lifestyles
The Villages Wood houses on stilts protect aga
inst floods In Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Buddhi
st temple is center of village life
Traditional clothing includes longyilong,
wrapped skirt of Myanmar
The Cities Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Singapore a
re modern business cities Housing shortage for
ces migrants into slums
Image
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Section 2
Oceania
Settled in ancient times by migrating Southeast
Asians, Oceania developed three cultural regions.
Contact with Europeans and Americans disrupted
the islanders traditional ways of life.
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SECTION
Oceania
2
A History of the Islands
Nations in the Region All, except Nauru, are i
sland groups - Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,
Federated States of Micronesia
- Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa
- Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued A History of the Islands
First Islanders Prehistoric people come from m
ainland by land bridges, rafts, canoes
- use voyaging canoes to travel as far as
Hawaii, Madagascar Three geographic, cultur
al regions - Micronesiatiny islands - Mela
nesiablack islands - Polynesiamany islands

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SECTION
2
continued A History of the Islands
Contact with the West Europeans explore Pacifi
c in 1500s Missionaries try to convert islande
rs to Christianity in 1800s Traders seek cocon
ut oil sailors hunt whales - settlers grow coco
nuts, coffee, pineapples, sugar on
plantations Westerners replace traditions loc
al societies decline - Europe, U.S. turn islands
into territories, possessions
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued A History of the Islands
Recent History Fierce WWII battles fought in P
acific between Allies and Japan
- after war, U.S. and others use islands to test
nuclear weapons Many islands have gradually
moved toward self-rule - 12 nations have become
independent since 1962 - foreigners still rule
the other islands
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SECTION
2
A Traditional Economy
Agriculture In most economies, people work at
subsistence activities - a family produces the f
ood, clothing, shelter it needs High island
s soil supports crops - bananas, sugar, cocoa,
coffee, copradried coconut meat Fishing is
major source of income
Other Economic Activities Nauru, Papua New Gu
inea have mining activities Tourism threatens
environment, traditional lives
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SECTION
2
Culture of the Islands
Language and Religion Very linguistically div
erse region includes 1,100 languages
- Papua New Guineans speak 823 languages
Christianity is most widespread religion due to
missionaries - some islanders practice tradition
al religions
The Arts Arts and crafts are sometimes sold to
tourists - baskets and mats woven from palm lea
ves,
carved wooden masks
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SECTION
2
Island Life
Traditional Life Polynesian villages were led
by chiefs societies were warlike
- fishing, farming economies
- tarostarchy root that makes poia major crop
Micronesians were more peaceful, lived in exte
nded family groups - fishing villages on coasts
farming, hunting, gathering inland
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued Island Life
Recent Change Few cities, but theyre growing
- people move for education, jobs - fast grow
th means shantytowns, bad sanitation
- urban dwellers giving up traditional ways
Modern communication links island groups,
connects Oceania to world
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Section 3
Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica
Both Australia and New Zealand were colonized
by Europeans and still have a strong European
heritage.
Because of its harsh climate Antarctica has no
permanent settlements.
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SECTION
Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica
3
History Distant European Outposts
The Original Inhabitants Aboriginal people mig
rate to Australia from Asia 40,000 years ago
- hunter-gatherers with complex religious
beliefs, social structures New Zealand set
tled by Maorimigrated from Polynesia 1,000 years
ago
Early Explorers European explorers arrive in 1
600s, 1700s - Captain James Cook explores New Ze
aland (1769), Australia (1770) Antarctica
is discovered in 1820
Continued . . .
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SECTION
3
continued History Distant European Outposts
European Settlement In 1788 Britain colonizes
Australia - Sydney founded as a penal colonya
place to send prisoners Hunters, whalers fr
om U.S., Europe, Australia colonize New Zealand
British fight Australian Aborigines spread
European diseases With 1840 Treaty of Waitangi
Britain controls New Zealand
Gold discoveries in Australia (1851), New
Zealand (1861) draw people
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SECTION
3
Modern Nations
Rights and Land Claims Australian colonies bec
ome independent in 1901, New Zealand in 1907
In 1893, New Zealand is first country to give
women the vote In both countries, native peopl
e have less education, more poverty
Issues Australian movement to leave British Co
mmonwealth is defeated in 1999
1959 Antarctica treaty preserves unsettled
continent for research - 18 countries have scien
tific research stations, 7 claim territory
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SECTION
3
Economy Meat, Wool, and Butter
Agriculture New Zealand sells butter, cheese,
meat, wool - in 1998, had 15 times more sheep an
d cattle than people - crops include vegetables
, fruit Australias sheep ranching makes it th
e worlds largest wool exporter
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Continued . . .
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SECTION
3
continued Economy Meat, Wool, and Butter
Mining Australia has diamonds, lead, zinc, opa
ls - also bauxite, coal, copper, gold, iron ore
Deposits are far from cities so mining operati
ons are costly - Australian companies forced to
turn to foreign investors - these investors c
ontrol 1/2 of Australias mining industry
Continued . . .
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SECTION
3
continued Economy Meat, Wool, and Butter
Manufacturing and Service Australia doesnt re
ly heavily on manufacturing Major industry in
Australia, New Zealand is food-product processi
ng - New Zealand also produces wood, paper produ
cts 60 of Australias jobs are in service ind
ustries
The Economic Future Both nations want to devel
op economies less dependent on agriculture
- difficult to compete with Asias cheaper labor
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SECTION
3
Distinctive Cultures
Australias Culture Most Australians are of Br
itish descent - but many immigrate from places l
ike Greece, Italy, Southeast Asia
- over 20 are foreign born 1 are Aboriginal
Christianity is major religion most people
speak English Ancient Aborigines painted human
, animal figures on rock walls
Australian arts include painters like Russell
Drysdale, novelists
Image
Continued . . .
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SECTION
3
continued Distinctive Cultures
New Zealands Culture Mostly British, European
descent pakehas is Maori term for whites
- 15 of people are descended from Maori
British, Maori cultural mixEnglish, Maori are
official languages - Christianity is main religi
on Maori art includes woodcarving, poetic lege
nds Creative figures include authors Janet Fra
me, Ngaio Marsh - filmmakers Jane Campion, Peter
Jackson
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SECTION
3
Modern Life
City and Country Both countries highly urbaniz
ed 85 of people live in cities, towns
- Australias large cities have pollution,
traffic problems - New Zealands cities are q
uiet, uncrowded, pollution-free In both cou
ntries, ranchers live far from cities
Recreation Tennis, rugby, soccer, Australian r
ules football are popular - New Zealand has skii
ng, mountain climbing
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