FORESTRY

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FORESTRY
Mr. Dunn Samuel Elliott
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This power point presentation will tell what kind
of insects will harm forests in America. The
links below will tell you a more specific name,
how they harm trees, where they live, and how
they live.
Borers Leaf Feeders Plant-Sucking Insects and
Mites Gall Insects and Mites Test
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Borers are the number one insects that kill
trees. The most destructive borers kill trees by
destroying the food-conducting cells within a
tree. Here are two examples of borers.
The Southern Pine Beetle The Pine Sawyer Beetle
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The Southern Pine Beetle is the most
destructive borer. These insects are located from
Texas to Pennsylvania and also through Central
America to Honduras. The Southern Pine Beetle
destroys all pine species, but mainly the
loblolly, short leaf, Virginia, pond, and pitch
pines. The beetles destroy trees by making
tunnels to the heart and back to the bark of a
tree. When they become mature, they can fly to
other tree lay their eggs.
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The Pine Sawyer Beetle gets its name from the
noise it makes when they bore tunnels. They are
located in the eastern half of America. There are
different kinds of Pine Sawyer Beetles like the
white spotted sawyer, the Carolina pine sawyer,
and the northeastern sawyer. When the beetles
start out as larvae they feed under the bark.
When they get older though, they tunnel into the
heart of the tree. The beetles lay their eggs in
the bark or in weak, dying, or dead pine trees.
The Pine Sawyer Beetle also carries nematode.
Nematode is a tree disease that causes death to
pines planted for landscaping purposes.
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Pine Sawyer Beetle
Title Slide
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Leaf Feeders eat the leaf or needle of the
tree. They will harm trees if they eat the leaves
or needles on the new spring trees or if they eat
on the same tree two or more consecutive years.
Here are two examples of Leaf Feeders
The Gypsy Moth The Redheaed Pine Sawfly
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The Gypsy Moth mostly harms hardwoods. They
are located in the northeastern part of America.
The moths lay their eggs in white egg masses
close to the ground. When they hatch, they climb
up trees and start eating. After about 2 months
of feeding they go into the pupal stage. The
stage lasts about 2 weeks in which the moths turn
into adults. Both males and females have wings,
but only the male can fly. The adult stage of the
moth lasts about 1 week. In this time the moths
mate and the females lay their eggs and the
process starts over again.
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The Red Headed Pine Sawfly feeds on pines
trees. It usually attacks the jack, red,
shortleaf, loblolly, longleaf, pitch, slash,
Scotch, and Austrian pines. The Sawfly is located
in the eastern half of America. During the winter
the Sawfly larva stays in a cocoon. When spring
comes the larva changes to the pupal stage.The
sawfly chews its way out a few weeks later. The
female Sawfly can lay up to 120 eggs at one time.
Title Slide
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Plant-Sucking Insects and Mites have mouth
parts to cut and then suck on the leaf or needle.
The mites are so little you have to shake the
tree and hold a piece of paper under it to catch
them and see them. The plant-sucking insects and
mites will usually not kill trees but the trees
sometimes will be stunted or deformed. Here are
two examples of Plant-Sucking Insects and Mites
The White Pine Aphid The Tuliptree Scale
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The White Pine Aphid is located around the
Great Lakes and in North South Carolina. In the
early spring the aphids hatch from tiny black
eggs. All the aphids hatched in the spring will
be females. During the fall both male and female
are produced. This is the only time the females
will not produce living aphids, but will lay eggs
on pine needles. The aphids make a clear, sugary
liquid called honeydew. Rain washes the honeydew
off, but during the dry months the honeydew
develops a fungus. The fungus will usually not
destroy trees though.
a
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The White Pine Aphid
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The Tuliptree Scale attacks Yellow Popular,
basswood, magnolia, persimmon, catalpa, and
walnut trees. They are located east of the
Mississippi River. Immature scales stay on the
same branch during the winter. The scales start
feeding again in the spring. They use narrow
mouth parts to feed on the branch tissue. During
this time some scales develop into male scales.
When the male scales come out they have wings and
the females dont. The life span of a mature
scale is two days. In this time the male mates
with the female scales. The females give birth to
crawlers during September and October. Most of
the crawlers die, but some start a new
infestation.
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The Tuliptree Scale
Title slide
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Gall Insects Mites are not harmful to
trees. A gall is just abnormal tissue growth.
Galls are usually on the leaves, buds, flowers,
branches, and roots of the tree. Many types of
trees have galls, but the most common species are
oaks. Here is one example of a Gall Mite
The Maple Bladdergall Mite
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The Maple Bladdergall Mite is small and white.
They have eight legs and are cone shaped. The
mites make small red or green galls where they
feed on the tree. The mite begins to eat after
overwintering in small cracks in branches. Soon
the mites are in the leaves eating and creating
lumps or galls on the leaves. During midsummer
the mites start to shrink and go back to their
overwintering places.
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Galls made by the Bladdergall Mite
Title slide
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RIGHT!
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WRONG!
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Which insect is the least harmful to trees?
Borers Gall Insects and Mites Leaf
Feeders Plant-Sucking Insects and Mites
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Which insect is the most harmful?
Borers Gall Insects and Mites Leaf
Feeders Plant-Sucking Insects and Mites
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Where doesnt the Pine Sawyer Beetle lay its eggs?
Bark Leaf or Needle Weak Trees Dead Trees
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How many eggs can the Redheaded Pine Sawfly lay
at one time?
30 75 100 120
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Where is a gall located?
Bark Leaf or needle Root Heart
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Which insect produces only female young in the
spring?
White Pine Aphid Redheaded Pine Sawfly Southern
Pine Beetle Gypsy Month
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The End
Samuel Elliott