Community forestry

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Forests in Transition Multi-stakeholder processes
and forest politics in Cambodia
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(No Transcript)
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Community forestry

• early 1990s
• mid 1990s

• a few CFs
• 40 CFs
• units in 2 natl agencies
• Network
• Working Group
• training team

natl MS platforms
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Community forestry

• early 1990s
• mid 1990s
• 2001

• a few CFs -- intl NGOs
• 40 CFs -- intl NGOs IOs
• support units in 2 natl agencies
• Network
• Working Group
• collab. training team
• 200 CFs (100,000 ha)
• many organisations locations
• experience in MSP
• need to clarify policy

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(No Transcript)
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Multi-stakeholder Process

• Result success !
• draft Community Forestry Subdecree (national
  policy that recognised pluralism)
• integrated CF Forestry, overcoming turf
  struggles
• elevated MSP (policy formulation)
• demonstrated MSP effectiveness for resolving
  contentious problems

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Community Forestry Subdecree

• Task Force ? Forestry Dept / MAFF
• revised Subdecree -- important MSP agreements
  lost
• many stakeholders opposed revisions
• but the revised Subdecree was approved
• the MSP had not succeeded

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Why had the MSP failed?

• Immediate cause
• RCG under pressure to demonstrate Forestry
  reform to donors, especially to the World Bank
  IMF
• General cause
• differences between CF Forestry as policy
  streams

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Policy streams CF Forestry

• Community forestry
• aim
• communities benefit from forests (CFs)
• main stakeholders
• communities
• NGOs, IOs, MoE
• Forestry Dept

• Forestry
• aim
• improve large-scale forest concessions
• main stakeholders
• Forestry Dept / RGC
• donors / World Bank
• concessionaires

Some commonality, but different centers of
gravity
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Forestry

• early 1990s
• 1994-1997

• logging escalated rapidly
• rampant corruption logging
• emblematic of Cambodias problems

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Forestry

• early 1990s
• 1994-1997
• 1998 -

• logging escalated rapidly
• rampant corruption logging
• donors acted World Bank took lead
• Forestry reform improving large-scale forest
  concessions

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Forestry

• early 1990s
• 1994-1997
• 1998 -

• logging escalated rapidly
• rampant corruption logging
• donors acted World Bank took lead
• Forestry reform improving forest concessions
• marginalised Community Forestry

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Forestry

• early 1990s
• 1994-1997
• 1998 -
• 2000 -
• 2003 -

• logging escalated rapidly
• rampant corruption logging
• donors acted World Bank took lead
• reform improving forest concessions
• marginalised CF policy stream
• IMF World Bank conditionality reform included
  new Forest Law
• RGC approved draft Forest Law ( revised
  CF Subdecree)

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policy streams, MSP, power

• Community forestry

• Forestry

MSP success
MSP failure

• differences between policy streams
• aims priorities
• stakeholders (center of gravity)
• relative power

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Real-politic of forests

• Cambodia in the 1990s
• multi-dimensional transition
• intense political struggles
• leaders / factions financial needs desires

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Real-politic of forestsForests as currency
in power struggles
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Real-politic of forestsall leaders /
factions logging log trademutual
accommodation of elites
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Real-politic of forestsRGC promises vs.
actions public transcript vs. shadow
transcript
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Real politic of Forestry

• Shadow transcript
• policy enabling logging timber trade
  controlling land
• main stakeholders
• elites / patrons
• networks / clients

• Public transcript
• reform policy improving forest concessions
• main stakeholders
• Forestry Dept / RGC
• donors / World Bank
• concessionaires

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Real-politic of Forestry

• Shadow transcript
• policy enabling logging timber trade
  controlling land
• since 1989, timber exported worth
• estd 2.4 billion

• Public transcript
• reform policy
• improving forest concessions
• 2004 no credible evidence of reform

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policy streams, power, MSP
Community Forestry
Real-politic of forests
Forestry
public transcript (reform)
shadow transcript
commun- ities benefit from forests
shadow transcript (forests as political
currency)
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MSP seminar participants?