East

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East Southeast Asia

• Japan
• American Occupation of Japan
• Goals
• To destroy militarism.
• To ensure a democratic government.
• Reforms
• Japan formed a representative democracy with a
  new constitution forcing the emperor from power. 
  
  
• Japan also rebuilt their industries using aid
  from the U.S.
  
• Occupation ended in 1952, and Japan has since
  become the United State's strongest ally in the
  East, and also its main economic competitor
  around the world.

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East Southeast Asia

• Japanese Successes
• Trade Investment
• Developed a favorable balance of trade by
  importing raw materials, while exporting more
  profitable finished goods.
  
• Trade Issue and Dependence on Oil
• Japans need for raw materials showed the
  negativity of interdependence.
  
• OPECs oil price hikes in the 1970s hurt Japans
  economy leading them to seek out new energy
  sources.

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China
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China

• Equality of Women in China
• Women won equality under the law in Chinas new
  constitution, changing many traditions in the
  country. While women made progress they did not
  enjoy full economic or social equality.

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China

• Biography Mao Zedong (1893-1976)
• Leader of the Communist Party in China that
  overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists.
  Established China as the Peoples Republic of
  China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.
• Deng Xiaoping (1904-1997)
• Chinese Communist leader. Ruled from 1978 until
  1997.

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China

• Tiananmen Square Massacre
• A political and social protest by university
  students in Beijing, China in 1989. The protest
  called for political and social reforms and
  resulted in the government using the military to
  end it, which caused hundreds of deaths,
  thousands of injured, and many more imprisoned.
• Population Policies
• Due to overcrowding the Chinese government
  instituted a one-child-per-family policy.
  
• Family who followed the policy were rewarded
  while those who didnt, faced fines.

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The Asian Tigers

• Taiwan
• Has experienced periods to Japanese, Chinese and
  American influence, but in Sept. 2007 asserted
  their independence from China.
  
• Hong Kong
• Turned into an economic force under British
  imperial control, but was returned to China in
  1997.
  
• Singapore
• Also turned into an economic force under British
  imperial control and became independent in 1963.
  This clean, quiet and orderly country pays a
  price for stability with limits on their freedom.

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The Two Koreas

• North Korea
• Kim Il Sung brought Communism.
• Refused reforms in the 1960s.
• Under Kim Jong Il, failed government policies and
  terrible floods destroyed harvests.
  
• In the late 1990s North Korea accepted food aid
  from the U.S. and South Korea.

• South Korea
• Strong economy due to low wages, long hours and
  worker sacrifices.
  
• 1990s prosperity led to higher wages.
• 1997 Asian financial crisis brought hardships,
  but conditions bettered by 2000.
  
• Became democracy after direct elections were held
  in 1987.

• Similarities
• Most Koreans want to see their country reunited
  the Korean War was fought for that purpose.
  
• They share the same history, language and
  culture.
  
• Restoring unity is of global interest because of
  Koreas strategic location in Asia.

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Independence in Southeast Asia

• Vietnam
• By 1954, Ho Chi Minh had succeeded in
  establishing North Vietnam, with the military aid
  of the communist world.  In order to stop the
  spread of communism, the United States took
  control of South Vietnam from France and
  established a democratic government under the
  leadership of Ngo Dinh Diem.  The Vietnam
  conflict between North and South Vietnam would
  not end until the mid-1970's, with a Communist
  victory.
• Philippines
• In 1946 the Philippines gained their independence
  from the U.S. The Philippines became a
  dictatorship under Ferdinand Marcos, but turned
  to a democracy under Corazon Aquino.
• Myanmar (Burma)
• Military rulers imposed state socialism similar
  to China for nearly 30 years. Under the strife,
  Aung San Suu Kyi won elections in Myanmar in
  1990, but when the election was rejected, Suu Kyi
  was put under house arrest and as of 1995 still
  fights for a democratic government.
• Indonesia
• A country of over 13,000 islands with a Muslim
  majority. The authoritarian government has
  struggled over the past 30 years with economic
  and human rights issues.

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South Asia

• The Largest DemocracyIndia
• After Muhammad Ali Jinnah persuaded the British
  to partition, or divide India and Gandhi was
  assassinated, India and Pakistan went in two
  different directions.
• India set up a federal system like the U.S. where
  powers were divided between a strong central
  government and smaller local governments.

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India

• Biography Jawaharlal Nehru
• Rising to Congress President under the mentorship
  of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru was a charismatic,
  radical leader, advocating complete independence
  from the British Empire, and was eventually
  recognized as Gandhi's political heir.
• Nehru Dynasty
• His daughter Indira and grandson Rajiv would both
  also serve as Prime Minister and President of the
  Indian National Congress, as would Rajiv's wife
  Sonia. His long tenure was instrumental in
  shaping the traditions and structures of
  independent India.

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Obstacles to progress in India

• Green Revolution
• Better irrigation, machinery, chemical
  fertilizers and pesticides.
  
• Increase food production
• Population Increase
• Tripled since independence
• Relation
• Green Revolution eliminated agricultural jobs,
  overcrowding cities without enough jobs.

• Goals
• Build a Modern Secular State
• Federal System
• Promote Social Justice
• Obstacles
• Indias size
• Diversity Regional Religious Divisions
• Population issue

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India

• Social Changes
• Caste System
• Gandhi campaigned to end inhumane treatment of
  untouchables (harijans children of god). While
  some reforms have been made, untouchability is
  still an issue.
• Women
• Upper Middle Class women became educated, but
  poor women received little education and low
  paying jobs.
  
• Nuclear Issue
• As of 1998 both India and Pakistan had tested
  nuclear weapons, a dangerous sign due to their
  religious past.

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Middle East

• Forces Shaping the Modern Middle East
• Religious Ethnic Differences
• Judaism, Christianity Islam
• Over 30 different languages
• Differences have led to divisions
• Natural Resources
• Oil and water
• Governments
• Mainly authoritarian (dictators or monarchs), few
  democracies (Israel Turkey).
  
• Islamic Traditions
• Many Islamic reforms over the last 30 years have
  seen Muslims resorting back to the laws of the
  Quran and the Sharia instead of Westernizing.

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Middle East

• Birth of Israel (Balfour Declaration)
• A promise made by British Prime Minister Arthur
  James Balfour to create a homeland for the Jewish
  people in 1917. This was not realized until
  1948.
• Turkey Modernizes
• Became a NATO nation during the Cold War with the
  help of the United States.
  
• Government Economy
• Became a democracy and was strengthened by Muslim
  reformers.
  
• Their economy was modernized through farming and
  industry. This did bring urbanization, which led
  to overcrowding and unemployment.
  

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Middle East

• Iran
• Oil rich nation
• Shah carried out U.S. desires (1953-1978)
• Shah became repressive to enemies.
• Ayatollah Khomeini gains control in 1979.
• Creates a theocracy based on Quran and Sharia.

• Egypt
• Nassar nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956.
• Limited economic success under Socialism.
• Gave Egyptian people more farmland and irrigation
  with the Aswan High Dam
  
• Later leaders Sadat Mubarak made peace with
  Israel, but faced economic problems and
  urbanization.

• Similarities
• British colonial past.
• Hatred toward Israel (Egypt under Nassar)
• Heavily involved in Cold War politics

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Middle East

• Biography Gamal Abdel Nasser
• President of Egypt from 1956 to 1970. He was
  responsible for nationalizing the Suez Canal, and
  was an important leader to the Arab world. He was
  often at odds with the West and Israel.
• Arab Israeli Conflict
• A series of wars were fought between the Jewish
  sate of Israel and the various surrounding
  Islamic states.  Religion was the core issue,
  while political and economic contentions made the
  wars have a global significance.
• Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) One
  time terrorist organization, now considered to be
  a legitimate political body whose goals have been
  to create a nation-state for the displaced
  Palestinians. The PLO was lead by Yasir Arafat
  until his death in 2004, the current leader is
  Mahmoud Abbas.

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Middle East

• Civil War in Lebanon
• War in Lebanon lasting for 16 years (1975-1990).
  The war was fought along both religious as well
  as political borders, where especially the
  Maronite Christians, Shi'ite Muslims, the Druze
  (Islamic sect), PLO, the Israeli as well as the
  Syrian army were the main contenders.
• As many as 150,000 died and the economic losses
  estimated to have been from US 8 and 12
  billion.
  
• While the capital city of Beirut has slowly
  returned to promise the country remains dependent
  on its neighbors for peace.

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Middle East

• Persian Gulf Wars
• Iraq and Iran
• Eight year war that ended in a stalemate after
  former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein seized a
  disputed border from Iran.
  
• Iraq and Kuwait
• Again, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein attacked and
  gained access to Kuwaiti oil fields and to the
  highly important Persian Gulf.  It was feared
  that Iraq would attack Saudi Arabia, therefore,
  in 1991, the United States, attacked Iraqi forces
  in Kuwait and drove them out.  The Persian Gulf
  War ended within weeks of its beginning. 
  However, Iraq was able to set fire to thousands
  of Kuwaiti oil-pipe lines prior to being ousted,
  creating a huge environmental disaster. 

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Africa

• Routes to Freedom
• Ghana The nationalist leader Kwame Nkrumah was a
  believer in the principles of Gandhi.  He
  established autonomy for Ghana through civil
  disobedience and passive resistance. 
• Kenya Kenya's nationalist leader, Jomo Kenyatta,
  used passive resistance like Nkrumah in Ghana. 
  However, Great Britain refused to end its control
  of Kenya and had imprisoned Kenyatta for guerilla
  warfare.  Regardless, the Mau Mau, Kenyan
  guerilla fighters, resisted British troops until
  Great Britain released Kenyatta and left in 1963
  with Kenyatta as the prime minister of a free
  Kenya.  
• Algeria In 1962 they celebrated their freedom
  after the National Liberation Front fought
  against the French for 8 years.

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Africa

• Effects of Colonial Rulers (Colonial Heritage)
• Economic Changes
• Countries had to endure short-term problems to
  enjoy long-term success, but countries still
  struggle with their type of economy and ways of
  feeding their population.
• Political Changes
• Tribal leaders led to One-Party or Military
  rule. In need of loans countries legalized
  opposition parties, lifted censorship and allowed
  elections by the mid-1980s.
• Education Health Care
• With many nations resources stripped by
  imperialism Africa struggles to properly teach
  and keep healthy a continent that grew 370
  million people in 25 years.
• Artificial Borders
• When Imperialism ended many Africans felt loyalty
  to their ethnic group not a faceless national
  government.

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Africa

• Obstacles to Development
• Population Poverty People are beginning to out
  number food and jobs.
  
• Political Problems Civil Wars are still being
  fought for control over land in their countries.
  
• Economic Dependence Because most countries can
  not support themselves they rely on other nations
  for food and resources.
  
• Land Climate With a hot climate and desert
  land, farming is increasingly difficult with
  desertification and deforestation.
  
• Economic Policies Struggling with socialism or
  capitalism alone, some nations have turned to
  mixed economies where there are private and state
  run enterprises.

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Africa

• People Environment (problems then now)
• Drought Famine Hit hardest in the 1970s and
  80s, but international efforts helped save
  millions facing starvation.
  
• Deforestation To boost earnings rainforests were
  slashed, the soils nutrients were washed away,
  but the Greenbelt movement by Wangari Maathi
  started to restore the environment.
• AIDS This epidemic has effected 21 million
  Africans with about 4 million new infections each
  year.
  
• Nigeria
• Possesses oil, large population, fertile farm
  areas and two rivers.
  
• Religious strife between Muslim north and
  Christian south.
  
• Experienced oil wealth in the 1970s.
• Economy nearly collapsed when oil prices fell in
  1980s.
  
• Since independence, often lived under military
  rule, but has since Democratically elected.

Sahel
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Africa

• Congo/Zaire
• Rushed to independence in 1960 by Belgium.
• Nation included 200 ethnic groups and 100
  political parties.
  
• Mobutu Sese Seko controlled the country for 34
  years by killing rivals and stealing money.
  
• Late 1990s Mobutu overthrown.
• By 2001 the Congo and its 9 neighbors were
  involved in the violent power struggles.
  
• Tanzania
• Formerly German land transferred to Britain after
  WWI.
  
• One Party Rule under Socialist Julius Nyerere.
• People worked as farmers to help export coffee,
  cotton, tea and tobacco.
  
• Nyerere promoted ujamaa or family hood, this
  failed as farm output did not rise.
  
• Reforms when Nyerere resigned in 1985. Ali Hassan
  Mwinyi was able to provide water, schools and
  health care to the people.
  
• Zimbabwe
• Originally controlled by Cecil Rhodes in the
  1890s.
  
• White, Ian Smith declared independence in 1965
  when Britain supported black majority rule.
  
• Through leaders Robert Mugabe Joshua Nkomo the
  nation of Zimbabwe was formed in 1980.
  
• Mugabes one party leadership was hurt by
  sanctions, drought and tensions over land
  ownership that led to renewed violence in 2000.

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• Apartheid
• A political policy in South Africa where black
  South Africans could only live in certain areas,
  were required to use separate trains, beaches,
  restaurants, and schools, and could not enter
  into an interracial marriage.
• Resistance to Apartheid/ANC (African National
  Congress)
  
• A group formed in protest of the policy of
  Apartheid in South Africa. It was eventually
  outlawed due to their violent tactics, and Nelson
  Mandela, one of its leaders, was imprisoned for
  over thirty years.

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Biographies

• Nelson Mandela (1918 present)
• A black South African leader who protested the
  policy of Apartheid and spent over thirty years
  in prison before becoming the first black
  president of South Africa.
• F.W. de Klerk (1936 present)
• The white South African president who ended
  Apartheid in the early 1990s.
  
• Desmond Tutu (1931- present)
• Former schoolteacher, ordained priest and bishop
  who crusaded against apartheid.

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South Africas Long Struggle

• 1948 The Afrikaner National Party wins majority
  in white only parliament.
  
• 1960 69 men, women and children gunned down in
  Sharpeville Massacre during a peaceful
  demonstration against Apartheid.
  
• 1964 Nelson Mandela was arrested for conspiracy
  and condemned to life in prison.
  
• 1980s Demands to end Apartheid and free Mandela
  intensify.
  
• 1989-1990 New South African President F.W. de
  Klerk ends Apartheid, repeals the pass laws and
  lifts the ban on the ANC. Mandela was freed in
  1990.
• 1994 First multiracial elections in which
  Mandela was elected President of the new
  democratic South Africa.

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The Past Present of Africa

• Urbanization
• ½ of African people live in cities.
• Developed national identity, but weakened
  traditional cultures.
  
• Women
• Upper class/Educated women experienced upward
  social mobility
  
• Urban and Rural women experienced few rights as
  constitutions were not enforced.
  
• The educated class is working to make rights
  better for all women.
  
• Religion
• People in Africa are predominately Christian and
  Islamic.
  
• Both religions have met resistance to growth or
  lack of toleration in Rwanda (Christians)
  Algeria (Muslims).
  
• The UN
• After Independence African countries joined the
  United Nations.
  
• In addition to being peacekeepers, the UN has
  helped with health care, literacy, economic
  development, ending racism, imperialism and
  uneven distribution of wealth.

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Unrest in Latin America

• Gap Between Rich Poor tiny elite refused
  reforms that threatened their power.
  
• Social Classes Upper Europeans, while Lower
  mestizos, Natives Africans.
  
• Population and Poverty 400 to 600 million in 10
  years, led to poverty.
  
• Urban Growth 70 live in cities, poor
  conditions, but more opportunity for growth.
  
• Military Regimes Caudillos took over Latin
  American countries, oppressing and murdering
  dissenters.
  
• Augusto Pinochet (1973-1990), in Chile, Pinochet
  expanded the economy through capitalism, but this
  was one of the few successes.
  
• Democratic Revival After military regimes of
  the 1960s 1970s, the mid-1980s brought
  elections after many repressive leaders stepped
  aside.

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Revolution in Cuba Regional Issues

• Biography Fidel Castro
• Leader of the Cuban Revolution and communist
  dictator of Cuba. He is responsible for making
  Cuba a socialist country which has often been at
  odds with the United States.
• Bay of Pigs
• An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which
  was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose
  was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.
  
• Cuban Missile Crisis
• Crises that developed as a result of Cuban
  dictator Fidel Castros decision to allow the
  Soviet Union to base nuclear missiles in Cuba.
  Upon discovery, the United States confronted the
  Soviet Union and demanded the missiles be
  removed. For nearly two weeks, nuclear war was
  imminent. Fortunately, diplomacy succeeded and
  crisis was averted.
• U.S. Cuba Trade Policies
• The U.S had a trade embargo against Cuba since
  the Cold War, but with Cuba no longer a threat
  this is unlikely to continue.
  
• Drug Wars
• After drug lords made huge profits off of illegal
  drugs in the 1970s the U.S. headed up efforts in
  the 1980s to destroy coca crops and fight against
  the spread of drug trafficking and usage.

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Mexico

• Politics/PRI
• The Institutional Revolution Party (PRI) held
  control of Mexican politics from the Revolution
  in 1929 until 2000.
  
• Poverty Prosperity
• 1970s Economic Boom
• Cause Change from agriculture to industry.
• Effect Urbanization new oil reserves found.
• 1980s Economic Decline
• Cause Recession put Mexico into debt.
• Effect The government reduced barriers to
  foreign businesses and privatized some
  industries, in order to pay off debts.

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War Peace in Central America

• Nicaragua
• Under support of the U.S. the Somoza family was
  in control from 1936-1979. After decades of
  looting the country a revolutionary group called
  the Sandinistas overthrew the government. Then
  President Reagan backed a guerilla group called
  the contras, but the Sandinistas maintained
  political control until 1990.
• Guatemala
• Another example of authoritarian control gone
  wrong in which the common person struggled with
  civil war, repression and poor government. With
  help from the U.S. the 30 year civil war ended in
  1996, giving rights to the Guatemalan people.

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Argentina Brazil

• Argentina Brazil
• Spanish descent Portugese
  descent
  
• Isabel Peron, first Military
  regime fought
  
• female president in Urbanization
  Communism with help
  
• Western Hemisphere. led to poverty. from
  U.S.
  
• Dirty War army Rich in natural res.
  Rejected monarchy
  
• terrorism of leftist Experienced periods
  in favor of a republic.
  
• guerilla, political of military rule.
  Squatters fought
  
• enemies in 1976. Had democratic land
  owners for
  
• Tried to take elections in land
  during the
  
• Falkland Islands from 1980s. Landless
  Movement
  
• Britain, this loss
• ended military control.

• Juan Peron Getulio Vargas improved wages
  worker benefits for the urban poor.