Title: Ethnic Minorities and CDD
1Ethnic Minorities and CDD
- Designing CDD programs so that they benefit
ethnic minority populations
2Objective of Study
- Gain a better understanding of what design
features World Bank projects have used in order
to ensure that ethnic minority populations are
empowered and able to benefit from programs using
a demand-driven approach. - Provide practical advice to TTLs interested in
designing their projects so that they serve
ethnic minorities.
-
3Link to Other Research
- A similar analysis is underway of demand-driven
programs that serve Disabled People and
War-affected Populations (Ex-combatants and
internally displaced people and refugees
returning to their place of origin) - Each of these three groups have special needs and
are at risk of being marginalized in a
demand-driven environment unless special features
are incorporated into the CDD design that ensures
their inclusion.
4Dates of 2 Other BBLs
- CDD and Disabled People May 18
- CDD and War-affected Populations June 1
5Methodology Used
- Search of World Bank Project Database for
projects that target ethnic minorities and
include one or more CDD components.
- Desk review of PADs of 10 relelvant project and
ICRs and Evaluations, when available.
- Write-up on key findings on cross-cutting themes
6Cross-cutting Themes
- Vulnerabilities of Targeted Group
- Types of Interventions
- Targeting Strategies Used
- Division of Labor (Central Government, Local
Government, NGOs, Associations, and CBOs)
- Empowerment
7Projects Serving Indigenous Groups
- The World Bank database captures projects that
serve beneficiaries that fit the Banks
definition of indigenous as outlined below.
- The World Bank defined the term Indigenous
Peoples in 1982 as tribal groups who lived in
isolation and were at risk of acculturation.
- In 1987 the definition of was revised to groups
with socio-cultural systems, modes of production,
and forms of ecological adaptation, different
from those of the dominant group.
8Overview of Projects Serving Indigenous since
1984
- Total of 116 projects
- Geographic Breakdown
- Latin America 70
- Asia 24
- Africa 4
- Europe 1
- Middle East 1
9Overview of Projects Serving Indigenous
(contd)
- Sector Breakdown
- Natural Resource Management 28
- Education 14
- Rural Development 11
- Social Funds 7
- Other Social Protection 4
10Growth in Projects Serving Indigenous
Populations
11Projects serving Other Ethnic Groups
- The Banks Database is less successful in
capturing ethnic groups that do not fit into the
indigenous definition.
- For this reason, only one project serving
non-indigenous ethnic groups was included in the
sample the Bulgarian Social Fund, which serves
the ethnic Turk and Roma peoples was included.
12Project Sample Analyzed
13Characteristics of Ethnic Minorities Served
- Geographically concentrated
- Remote rural communities far from municipal
capitals
- Poverty Rates well above average, for example
- Ecuador 86 indigenous overall populations
- Bulgaria Roma ten times more likely to be poor
than the ethnic Bulgarians.
14Characteristics of Ethnic Minorities Served
- Higher rates of illiteracy, particularly among
women
- Lower school enrollment
- High percent of low birth-weight children
- Lack of secure access to arable land and water
resources
15Types of Interventions Community Level
- Socio-economic infrastructure
- Social assistance projects
- Productive activities (agriculture,
micro-enterprise, etc.)
- Capacity-building for community-level
associations (needs assessment, project
identification, planning, implementation and
management.)
16Types of Interventions Regional and Municipal
Levels
- Rural road and water projects serving multiple
municipalities or districts (e.g. Vietnam)
- Strategic planning for ethnic group spread
geographically across several municipalities and
departments (Honduras and Ecuador)
- Capacity building for local government to be more
responsive to demand from minority communities
(Chattisgarh, India)
17Types of Interventions National Level
- Changing the constitution and making laws
protecting indigenous rights to ancestral
resources such as land, water, and cultural
heritage sites (Ecuador, Philippines, Peru). - Legal assistance to indigenous to establish title
to land.
- Empowerment of ethnic group through capacity
building of ethnic association (Ecuador, Peru,
and early Honduras).
18Targeting Strategies Used
- Geographic targeting when ethnic group is
geographically concentrated. (Mexico) Best when
census data is broken down by ethnic group.
Allocate funds accordingly. - Poverty targeting is effective in serving ethnic
groups since they tend to experience high levels
of poverty and extreme poverty. Ideal if poverty
data is broken down by ethnic group. (Bulgaria)
If no data will need to use proxies for poverty.
19Targeting Strategies Used Proxy Indicators
- Prioritize small communities (Mexico
communities with less than 5,000)
- Prioritize remote communities (Vietnam and
Maharasthtra India)
- Prioritize communities lacking basic
socio-economic infrastructure by limiting
sub-project menu.
- Prioritize communities using indicators such as
literacy rates, school enrollment rates, and
average distance to potable water supply.
20Targeting Strategies Used
- Working through indigenous associations to
identify beneficiary communities (Honduras)
- Using tailored local language promotional
campaign targeting minority communities
(Chhattisgarh, India, the Philippines, Vietnam)
21Targeting Strategies Used
- Capacity-building for minority communities to
enhance their competitiveness in accessing
municipal funding. (Honduras, Philippines)
- Independent Verification and Grievance Mechanisms
(Mexico Federal verification Vietnam Special
panel reviews commune plans Philippines
grievance mechanism)
22Division of Labor Community-based Organizations
(CBOs)
- Needs assessment, project identification and
prioritization.
- Sub-project planning.
- Sub-project implementation (procurement,
financial management, supervision)
- In-kind and cash contributions.
- Operation and maintenance of sub-project.
23Links with Local Government
- By-pass local government (Ecuador and Peru and
Honduras Early phase)
- Prepare ethnic communities to compete for local
government funds (Honduras New Phase
Nicaragua)
- Special rules for ethnic communities in competing
for local government funding (e.g. India
clusters of 30 50 tribal households may compete
for funds separate from village they belong to.) - Minimal changes to local planning process to
accommodate ethnic minority communities (Vietnam)
24Role of Central Government
- Minimal for cases where project targets a
specific state or region (India and Philippines)
- Oversight role to ensure that funds are
distributed to ethnic minority communities with
rewards for compliance (Mexico)
- Establish constitutional protection for ethnic
minorities (Ecuador, Philippines, Peru)
- Create national level government institution to
orient, coordinate, and articulate policies and
multi-sector actions for the development of
indigenous minorities (CODENPE and CODAE in
Ecuador SETAI in Peru).
25Role of Central Government
- Create a national-level Consultative or Advisory
Committee for project, which often includes
representatives of the main ethnic associations
(e.g. Multi-sectoral Commission for Indigenous
Affairs (CAI) in Peru Committee of Ethnic
Minorities and Mountainous Areas in Vietnam).
26Role of NGOs
- Most common role supplier of training and
technical assistance to ethnic communities and,
in some cases, to ethnic associations and
municipalities. - NGOs as intermediaries between government and
community organizations (Nicaragua)
- NGOs as facilitators or stewards of the rules of
the game they disseminate the rules of the game
(India)
- NGOs assist with monitoring and evaluation
(Vietnam)
27Role of Minority Associations
- Participate in project Advisory Committee
(Majority of Projects)
- Assist with targeting and project promotion
(Honduras)
- Contracted to assist communities to conduct
participatory needs assessment and planning
process.
- Serve as intermediaries between the program and
the communities.
- Project builds capacity of ethnic association
(Ecuador, Peru, and early phase Honduras)
28Role of Minority Associations (continued)
- Monitor project implementation at the community
level (Peru and Honduras)
- Develop strategic plans for ethnic group
(Honduras)
29How do these projects Empower Ethnic Minority
Communities?
- Secures their access to key resources land and
water.
- Gives them access to community assets schools,
health posts, water points that will improve
their future prospects.
- Gives them access to income generating
opportunities.
- Builds their capacity to compete for municipal
level funding.
- In a minority of cases, builds the capacity of an
ethnic association (politically sensitive issue)
30Recommendations
- Bank database should capture all projects that
attempt to address special needs of ethnic
minorities, not just those that fit the
definition of indigenous. - Targeting strategies should ideally be simple,
passive, and low-cost.
- If geographic and poverty data are available and
broken down by ethnic group, use it for targeting
purposes. If not, add a few more features, such
as tailored promotional strategy use poverty
proxies.
31Recommendations (continued)
- Avoid targeting long-term ultimate goal should
to be assist ethnic minority communities to
compete on a level playing field for available
resources. Long-term targeting may result in
marginalization. - Build bridges to local government, ultimately,
they will control the funds as decentralization
trend proceeds.
- Involve ethnic associations in project design and
oversight.
- Recognize that building the capacity of ethnic
associations could have political overtones.