Indonesia

1
Indonesia

• Government/History 354
• Campbell University

2
Location of Indonesia
3
Introduction

• 18,108 volcanic islands
• Land of spice islands
• 203-245 Million Population.
• 4th largest population in world.

• 88 Sunni Muslim
• Largest Muslim population on earth.
• Was a Dutch colony.
• Is an oil producer.
• Maritime choke point.

4
Early Kingdoms-Srivijaya

• Srivijaya controlled the Malay Archipelago from
  7th thru 13th Century.
• Controlled Straits of Malacca and Sunda plus
  Isthmus of Kra with a powerful fleet.
• Capital at Palembang, a center of Buddhist
  learning.
• Benefited from collapse of Funan and surge in
  Chinese trade during the Tang dynasty.
• Conquered briefly by Rajendra Chola in 1025.

5
Early Kingdoms- Sailendras

• The Sailendras controlled central Java during 8th
  9th Century.
• Royal family was Funanese who had been deposed by
  Chenla.
• Returned to conquer rule southern Chenla until
  defeated by Jayavarman II of Angkor in 802.
• Built Borobodur (778-824), the greatest Buddhist
  monument in S. E. Asia.

6
Early Kingdoms - Mataram

• Patapan, a Sanjaya prince, usurped the Sailendra
  throne in 832. The capital was moved to Mataram
  in 929.
• Mataram emulated Sailandra except in religion. A
  Hindu resurgence led to the construction of the
  Prambanan complex.
• Continued prosperous trade with China Arabs.

7
Early Kingdoms Kediri Singhasari

• Mataram challenge Srivijayas dominance in 1006,
  but was decisively defeated.
• Rajendra Cholas warfare with defeat of
  Srivijaya in 1026 allowed Airlangga, a Balinese
  prince, to restore Matarams political power.
• Airlangga divided his kingdom between his two
  sons in 1042. The two kingdoms were Janggala and
  Kediri. Kediri was dominant and flourished in
  trade with India and the Mediterranean during
  early 13th Century.
• Ken Angrok conquered Janggala and then Kediri to
  establish the Singhasari 1222. Under King
  Kertanagara, Singhasari dominated both the
  Malacca Sunda Straits until the Mongol invasion
  in 1292.

8
Early Kingdoms - Majapahit

• Kertanagara was killed by a dissident vassal in
  the face of Kublai Khans threatened invasion.
  His heir, Vijaya, fled to Majapahit. In a twist
  of fate, the Mongols assisted him in overthrowing
  the usurper.
• The Majapahit prime minister, Gaja Mada
  (1331-1364), then united all of the archipelago
  for 75 years..
• Majapahit dominance ended with the spread of
  Islam to Malacca in 1402.
• Majapahit was the last great Hindu kingdom in
  S.E. Asia.

9
Summary of Kingdoms

• Srivijaya, 7-13th Century, Java, Sumatra Malay
  Peninsula.
• Sailendras, 8 9th Century, Central Java.
• Mataram, 832 1042, Central Java.
• Janggala, 1042 1222, Central Java.
• Kediri, 1042 1222, Central Java.
• Singhasari, 1222 1292, Java, Sumatra Straits.
• Majapahit, 1292 1402, The Whole Thing.

10
Questions

• On which island does the bulk of the Indonesian
  population reside?
• Near what major city is Borobodur located? What
  religion does it celebrate?
• What areas did Srivijaya control?
• What is the significance of the Isthmus of Kra?
• Where was Funan?
• What empire built the Prambanan complex? What
  religion does it celebrate?
• From what kingdom did Singhasari evolve?

11
More Questions

• What country claims the largest Islamic
  population in the world?
• What was the last great Hindu kingdom in
  Indonesia?
• How did the Mongols help Vijaya regain the throne
  of Majapahit?

12
The Dutch in Indonesia

• Both the Dutch VOC (Vereenigde Oostandische
  Compagnie) (1602) and English East India Company
  (1600) were interested in S.E.Asian trade.
• Conflict led to the Ambon Massacre in 1623 and
  the withdrawal of the East India Company from the
  archipelago.
• The Dutch gradually gained control of the entire
  archipelago Ambon 1605, Malacca 1641, Aceh
  1667, Macassar 1669, Banten - 1682.
• The objective was trade Indian cottons for
  spices.

13
Colonization of Indonesia

• The Dutch avoided direct administration until the
  mid 18th Century. Control was exercised thru
  local rulers who were also doubled as principal
  traders
• The system of leveringen began at end the the
  17th Century. Fixed amounts at fixed prices.
• Direct administration of areas growing coffee,
  sugar, indigo and spices began in the 18th
  Century.

14
Colonization of Indonesia

• The Dutch employed their navy to enforce a
  monopoly on trade with Europe.
• There was no effort to impact religion, culture
  or education.
• Dutch trade practices did have the unintentional
  consequence of displacing the indigenous
  carriage distribution trade. One result was the
  rise of the Bugis pirates.

15
Hermann Daendels

• Herman Daendels was appointed Gov-Gen of
  Indonesia by Napoleon from 1808-11 to improve
  defenses against the British and improve
  administration. He
• Centralized administration.
• Reduced graft and corruption.
• Established adat courts.
• Increased compulsory coffee production and
  established a monopoly on rice to raise funds.

16
Thomas Stamford Raffles

• Gov-Gen Minto (India) led an invasion of Java in
  1811 and left Stamford Raffles in charge. He
  introduced major reforms.
• Permitted land ownership with tax rate based on
  fertility.
• Peasants could cultivate and sell crops of their
  choice, except coffee.
• Created an elaborate court system with jury
  trials.
• Dutch returned in 1816.

17
Questions

• Describe the Ambon (Amboyna) Massacre. What was
  its significance?
• What was the leveringen system?
• Why did the Dutch seek a monopoly?
• Were the Dutch interested in spreading
  Christianity?
• Who were the Bugis pirates?
• What were adat courts?
• The Napoleonic Wars led to two men being
  appointed governors of Java. Who were they?
  Which one discovered Borobodur?

18
Role of the Regent

• The Regent was the native VOC agent contracted to
  deliver export crops. He was subordinated to a
  governor-general, regional governor
  resident/comptroller. In turn, he appointed and
  supervised village chiefs who he was responsible
  to pay from the taxes he collected.
• His role grew to include governmental and
  religious aspects, usurping the role of local
  princes. Eventually, the position was considered
  hereditary.
• Daendels and Raffles sought to reduce his powers
  to protect the natives. Raffles land rent system
  virtually eliminated him.
• The Java War demonstrated the need for his
  support.

19
Java War (1825-1830)

• Also called the Dipo Negoro Revolt.
• Led to the death of 200,000 8,000 were Dutch.
• Dipo Negoro was a prince, but as the son of a
  lesser wife not eligible to inherit the Sultanate
  of Yogyakarta. Rejected by Raffles as his
  fathers successor, he became an Islamic mystic.
  When tombs were disturbed by road construction,
  he led a revolt as a messianic ratu adil.
• Controlled middle Java and Yogyakarta until
  defeated in 1825. Then led a guerrilla war until
  1827. Captured in 1830. The war cost the Dutch 30
  million guilders.

20
The Culture System

• The system was implemented from 1830 to 1877 to
  raise funds to cover the cost of the Java War,
  Napoleonic Wars and Belgium Civil war.
• It was the brain child of Baron Johannes Van Den
  Bosch, Gov-Gen of Java.
• In theory, it required villages to grow export
  crops to raise sufficient funds to cover their
  land taxes. These would be sold to the
  government at a fixed price for transportation to
  Amsterdam. The system provided 19-32 of the
  states revenue.

21
Max Havelaar

• Max Havelaar or The Coffee Auctions of the Dutch
  Trading Company written by Eduard Douwes Dekker
  published in 1860.
• Portrayed the Culture System as organized forced
  labor. Increased prices led to increased taxes
  taxes were collected on commission.
• By 1840, rice shortages, famines , epidemics and
  dislocation all began to appear. Saijah Adinda.
• Reforms led to the system being dismantled
  government monopolies abolished starting in 1860.
  Coffee remained a monopoly until 1917.

22
Other Reforms

• Baron Van Hoevell, a former preacher in Java, led
  a reform movement in the Dutch States General
• 1848 The legislature would have a say in
  colonial government.
• 1854 Passed a colonial constitution for
  abolition of culture system.
• 1870 - Passed the Agrarian Act allowing the
  leasing of land and development of free trade.

23
The Ethical Policy

• The Ethical Policy of 1901
• A policy of ethical obligation and moral
  responsibility to the people of the East Indies.
  
• Can be summarized as education, irrigation and
  emigration.
• Included Western education for elites,
  agricultural extension to open new areas and
  improve crops, resettlement from Java to Sumatra,
  improved infrastructure, encouragement of
  economic development and Christian missionaries.

24
Nationalist Movements

• Many consider the Java War as a first expression
  of nationalism.
• Education of the priyayi and santri under the
  Ethical Policy produced a new elite and a sense
  of national identity.
• Organizations which promoted nationalism
• 1902 - Kartini Schools - 1908 - Boedi Utomo
• 1912 Sareket Islam - 1920 PKI
• 1927 - PNI

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Questions

• What was Dipo Negoros complaint? Whats a ratu
  adil?
• Who was Johannes Van Den Bosch?
• What was the underlying assumption of the Culture
  System regarding the indigenous population?
• How did Max Havelaar portray the Culture System?
  What happened to Saija and Adinda?
• Who led the colonial reform movement in the Dutch
  States General?
• What was the Ethical Policy?
• What action on the part of the colonial
  administration led to the beginning of
  nationalism?
• What is the historical event that many
  Indonesians consider to be the first act of
  nationalism?

26
World War II

• The Dutch promise a conference on self-government
  before they leave in 1941.
• Sukarno, Mohammed Hatta and Sutan Sjahrir
  released from jail by the Japanese when they
  occupied Indonesia in 1942.
• Sukarno, Hatta and others formed Putera as a
  double edge puppet government.

27
Indonesian Revolution

• Sukarno announced the Five Postulates and
  declared independence in 1945.The Dutch had not
  yet returned.
• Nationalism (National unity)
• Internationalism (One sovereign nation among
  equals)
• Representative Democracy (All significant groups
  represented)
• Social Justice ( A Marxist view)
• Belief in God (A secular state, not Islamic)

28
Struggle for Independence

• The Netherlands asked Britain to reoccupy
  Indonesia on its behalf.
• The initial British force attempted to occupy
  Surabaya on November 10, 1945. The result was a
  bloody one-month long battle.
• Negotiations with Dutch led to Linggadjati
  Agreement in 1947 creating the United States of
  Indonesia under Dutch sovereignty. The USI was to
  be part of a larger Netherlands-Indonesian-Surinam
  -Curacao Union.

29
Sovereignty At Last

• The Indonesians were not satisfied with the lack
  of sovereignty. A guerrilla war ensued during
  which 6,000 Dutch and 150,000 Indonesians were
  killed during 1947-49.
• A cease fire was imposed by the U.N. in 1947.
• An Asian Conference hosted by India imposed
  sanctions against the Dutch in 1949.
• Sovereignty was finally transferred by the Dutch
  in December, 1949.

30
Coping with Independence

• Indonesia found it extremely difficult to create
  and operate a viable government..
• Elections only yielded pluralities and weak,
  short-lived coalition governments.
• The economy was in decline and inflation rampant.
  The country was bankrupt.
• Fear of nationalization of assets prevented
  significant foreign investment.

31
Guided Democracy

• In 1957 Sukarno established guided democracy to
  save the country.
• A national advisory council was established
  composed of representative groups, e.g.,
  peasants, workers, the military.
• A cooperating parliament was established in
  place of the elected parliament. Opinion could
  be expressed but votes were not taken. The goal
  was to govern by deliberation and consensus.

32
Foreign Policy

• Sukarno sought a leading role for Indonesia as a
  non-aligned nation.
• 1954 Meeting of the Colombo Powers at Bogor.
  Obtained support for claims to West Irian.
• 1954 Hosted the 29 nation Asian-African
  conference at Bandung of newly freed peoples.
• 1962 Indonesia sought to invade West Irian
  (Dutch New Guinea) after negotiating with the
  Dutch since 1949. West Irian was transferred to
  Indonesia in 1963 with help of the U.N. and U.S.
  diplomat Ellsworth Bunker.

33
Foreign Policy Contd

• 1963 - 65 - Crush Malaysia Campaign launched by
  Sukarno over the formation of the Federation of
  Malaysia. Felt that the linking of Sarawak,
  Brunei and Sabah to Malaya would threaten
  Kalimantan.
• The Crush Malaysia Campaign was part of
  Konfrontasia, the confronting of the remnants of
  colonialism. It involved NEFOS vs. the OLDEFOS
• Received 2 Billion in aid from the USSR in
  1965. Nevertheless, Sukarno was drawn thru the
  influence of PKI to align with China.

34
Questions

• How did Sukarno and his cohorts react to the
  Japanese invasion?
• What is particularly significant about Pancasila?
• What part of Indonesia did the British seek to
  occupy on behalf of the Dutch at the end of WWII?
• The Dutch sought to avoid surrendering their
  position in Indonesia by creating the
  _______________.
• What was the Japanese legacy to Indonesia?
• Why did the U.S. support the French return to
  Indochina but not the Dutch in Indonesia?
• Why did Sukarno establish Guided Democracy?
• What was Konfrontasi?

35
The Gestapu Affair

• On the night of September 30, 1965, six leading
  generals and one lieutenant were assassinated in
  an attempted coup.
• General Nasution escaped the assassination and
  Major General Suharto was not targeted.
• The reaction was a massacre of a half million
  Communist and Chinese, a combination pogrom and
  Jihad.
• Sukarno had no advanced knowledge of the coup but
  his powers were curbed. He was removed as
  president in 1967 and died in 1970.

36
Suhartos New Order

• March 11, 1966 Sukarno signed the Supersemar
  decree authorizing Suharto to take all measures
  necessary ... This was the beginning of the New
  Order.
• Revived the parliament of 1955.
• Adam Malik renegotiated debt of 1.7 million.
• Ended Confrontation Policy.
• Joined ASEAN
• Befriended the West and Japan.
• Held national elections in 1971.

37
New Order Problems

• Sekber Golkar (the government party) lost
  creditability in the early 70s.
• Legitimized Dual Function.
• Graft, cronyism and corruption were extremely
  wide spread. Examples
• Astra Toyota Tommy
• Pertamina lost 10.5 billion.

38
The Downfall of Suharto

• The 1997-98 crises led to Indonesian currency
  losing 70 of its value. The IMF bailout required
  strict austerity measures leading to further
  economic hardship and inflation.
• Sukarno ran unopposed for president for the
  seventh time. Sparked by the killing of six
  student demonstrators, Jakarta was seized by
  demonstrations and riots.
• The army took over Jakarta and Sukarno resigned
  after 32 years as president and 15 billion in
  graft.

39
B. J. Habbie

• As V.P., Habbie assumed the presidency. Many were
  highly skeptical.
• Trained as an engineer in Germany. Founded an
  aircraft company in Bandung. Championed
  industrial vs. agricultural development.
• Allowed East Timor referendum leading to that
  countrys independence.

40
Abdurrahman Wahid

• Elected in 1999. Was a nearly blind Muslim
  cleric. Had suffered recurring strokes. Proved to
  be indecisive and incapable of running the
  country.
• Did not effectively cope with the separatist
  demands of Aceh and Irian Jaya.
• Was impeached in 2001.

41
Questions

• Who was responsible for the Gestapu Affair?
• Who signed the Supersemar Decree?
• What was Suhartos vision of a New Order?
• What was significant about Sekber Golkar?
• Describe Dual Function.
• What caused Suhartos downfall?
• Why was there skepticism about Habbie succeeding
  Suharto?
• Why was Wahid chosen to be president instead of
  Megawati Sukarnoputri in 1999?

42
Separatist Movements

• There have been three major separatist movements
  Aceh, Iran Jaya (West Papua) and East Timor.

43
East Timor

• East Timor declared its independence in 1975
  after a change in the government of Portugal.
  Indonesia invaded four days later.
• Timor had been a Portuguese colony since 1702, as
  such its population is 90 Catholic. The
  Netherlands annexed West Timor in 1859. It is
  largely Islamic.
• Indonesia invaded East Timor because it feared
  FRETILIN (the independence party) was in league
  with China and would turn the country Communist.
• FRETILIN fought a successful guerrilla war from
  1975 to 1999. Total deaths from all causes
  200,000 /-.
• East Timor became fully independent in 2002.

44
Aceh

• Was independent prior to colonial rule, even
  controlling part of the Malay Peninsula (Kedah).
• Indonesia granted Aceh special autonomy status in
  1959. The Aceh freedom movement began in 1976 led
  by GAM. Warfare led to 5,000 deaths by 2000.
• In 1999, President Wahid assured GAM that all of
  its demands short of total independence would be
  met. Granted 75 of all oil and gas revenue plus
  Sharia law and own flag in 2001. GAM continued to
  demand total independence until 2005 peace.

45
Western New Guinea

• The Dutch sought to retain in a commonwealth.
• In 1961, Indonesia mounted an invasion after West
  Papua declared independence.
• In 1962, agreement was reached to transfer the
  territory to Indonesia. An Act of Free Choice
  was required. The poll was taken in 1969.
• President Wahid granted special autonomy in 2000.
  In 2001, it was split into two provinces. The
  freedom movement wanted a share of the income
  from the rich gas, oil, copper gold resources.

46
Megawati Sukarnoputri

• Indonesias first woman president. Succeeded
  Wahid in 2001 as his V.P.
• Formed her own political party to win election
  when banned from the PDI. She formed PDI-P.
• Considered herself the good Queen. Was called
  Mother Mega.
• Presided over a 3-year transition to civilian
  rule.

47
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

• Elected president in 2004 in Indonesias first
  direct presidential election. Called SBY.
• Top graduate of Indonesian military academy, U.S.
  Infantry Advanced Course and Command and the
  General Staff College.
• Labeled the thinking general. Took leading role
  against terrorism.

Retired as a 4 star in 2000.
48
Questions

• What precipitated the Indonesian invasion of East
  Timor in 1975?
• What were GAMs demands for Aceh?
• What led to the Indonesian invasion of West Papua
  in 1961?
• What did the Papuan Freedom Movement want?
• To what great Indonesian figure is Magawati
  Sukarnoputri related?
• Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) has the
  distinction of being the first president of
  Indonesia to be elected by________.

49
Institutions and Social Groups

• Constitution.
• The constitution is a hybrid presidential with
  parliamentary characteristics. Government is
  unitary.
• Executive power is held by the legislature in
  that it can subject the president to votes of
  confidence.
• Until 2004, the legislature actually elected the
  president and V.P. They are now elected directly.
  Limited to two 5-year terms
• In 2004, the House of Regional Representatives
  (DPD) was established as a separate legislative
  body. It is composed of four representatives from
  each of Indonesias 33 provinces.The House of
  Representatives (DPR) is still the premier
  legislative body. Composed of 550 seats, members
  are elected for 5-year terms.

50
Institutions and Social Groups

• Constitution (Continued)
• The Peoples Consultative Assembly (MPR) is
  composed of the elected members of the DPR DPD.
  Responsible to inaugurate and impeach president
  and amend the constitution.
• The president is head of state, CINC of armed the
  forces, responsible for domestic governance and
  foreign affairs.
• The president appoints a council of ministers.
  Members do not have to be elected members of the
  legislature. He also appoints provincial
  governors.

51
Institutions and Social Groups

• Military.
• The military played both a security and
  sociopolitical role under Suharto, labeled dual
  function. Active duty military were members of
  the cabinet, provincial governors, members of the
  legislature and leaders of Golkar.
• Since the election of SBY, the dual function
  concept has been down played. The goal is to
  eliminate it completely.

52
Institutions and Social Groups

• Bureaucracy
• Indonesia is a bureaucratic polity in which power
  and decision making is limited to members of the
  bureaucracy, specifically the military, civil
  servants and technocrats. Economists serving in
  top technocrat positions are commonly called the
  Berkley Mafia.
• Korpri was created in the 1970 to provide a new
  corps of civil servants, including provincial
  governors.
• The 1997 economic downturn did lessen the awe in
  which technocrats were held.

53
Institutions and Social Groups

• Political Parties.
• Until 1999, no party could compete with Golkar,
  the official government and military party. All
  government employees and the military were
  required to belong..
• Sukarno banned all competing political parties
  except PDI and PPP. Smaller political parties
  were forced to become part of one or the other.
  PDI is the Indonesian Democratic Party PPP is
  the Muslim Party.
• Sukarno required that PDI and PPP espouse
  Pancasila only as their political philosophy and
  not depart from it.
• All these restrictions were lifted in 1999.

54
Institutions and Social Groups

• Democratization.
• The Sukarno period of Guided Democracy (1950-57)
  was followed by a return to the pre-1950
  constitution under Suharto.
• Suhartos New Order relied heavily on military
  rule (Dual Function), but did achieve great
  economic progress and a middle class. Suharto
  saw himself as the Development President.
• 1999 to 2001 saw the development of real
  democracy under Wahid and then Megawati
  Sukarnoputri.
• SBY has pledged to completely eliminate Dual
  Function.

55
Institutions and Social Groups

• Economic Development.
• Has averaged a 6 GNP growth since 1965, although
  per capita GNP is extremely low (685.00).
• The 1997 economic crises slowed the GNP, but it
  has returned to a projected 5.2 for 2006.
• Natural resources include oil (aging fields and
  old equipment), natural gas (exports 20 of
  worlds LNG), tin, copper, and gold.
• Agricultural exports include palm oil, rice, tea,
  coffee, spices and rubber.
• Major industries include mining, petroleum, NG,
  textiles apparel, labor intensive assembly.

56
Institutions and Social Groups

• Economic Problems,
• Most manufacturing is sub-contract assembly and
  low tech such as footwear, canning, wood
  processing.
• Support by Chinese of Golkar led to preferential
  treatment by the government. Chinese
  businessmen, called cukong (boss), are resented
  for their power.
• Primitive slash and burn farming on Kalimantan
  and Sumatra started forest fires that spread
  smoke over much of SEA in 1997.
• Suharto family corruption and the national car
  Timor.

57
Institutions and Social Groups

• Foreign Policy.
• Sukarno sought security in anti-western
  nationalism the NEFOSs against the OLDEFOSs.
  Konfrontasi against Malaysia was the result.
• Suharto assumed a lower profile role in
  international affairs. Supported ASEAN and the
  Zone of Peace. East Timor was the exception.
  Played a role in attempting to resolve the
  Cambodia crises.
• Relations with China have improved since the
  Gestapu Affair. Established diplomatic relations
  in 1990.
• The West is still Indonesias primary market and
  source of investment and development assistance.

58
Questions

• Does Indonesia have a presidential or
  parliamentary system of government?
• In 2004, a new national legislative body was
  established. What is it called?
• Does Dual Function continue to exist.
• What is Korpri?
• How many political parties were allowed under
  Suharto? Name them.
• What was Sukarnos New Order?
• How important are the Chinese to Indonesias
  economic development?

59
More Questions

• What was significant about Indonesias national
  car (the Timor)?
• What two forces did Sukarno see confronting each
  other in Konfrontasi?
• How has Indonesia related to the rest of
  Southeast Asia in recent years.

60
The End