Haseeb Nisar 12-10477

1
Haseeb Nisar 12-10477

• Course
• Medical Biotechnology

2
Diabetes Mellitus

• Metabolic and Multifactorial disease develops
  mostly due to deficiency of insulin. As a result
  high blood sugar will be there (hyperglycemia)
• Two types of Diabetes Mellitus
• 1) Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
• 2) Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

3
Type 1 Daibetes

• Destruction or absence of ß cells present in
  the Islets of Langerhans.
• Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus as patients
  have to regularly take insulin.
• This type may be associated with acidosis and it
  usually occurs before the age of 40.
• Type1 DM occuring during the childhood is called
  Juvenile Diabetes.

4
Causes Of Diabetes Mellitus

• Degeneration of ß cells .
• Destruction of ß cells caused by a viral
  infection.
• Congenital Disorders of ß cells
• Destruction of ß cells due to the development of
  antibodies against the insulin producing cells.

5
Type 2 Diabetes

• Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes usually occurs
  after the age of 40.
• May or may not be associated with acidosis.
• In this type of DM, the structure and function of
  ß cells and blood insulin level are normal. The
  diabetes usually occurs due to the absence or
  reduced number of insulin receptors in the cells
  of the body.

6
Causes of Type2 Diabetes Mellitus

• Genetic Disorders.
• Hormonal Disorders

7
Parts of Body Affected

• Along with damage done to pancreas many other
  organs can be affected. Hyperglycemia, a
  condition for high blood sugar level may cause
  complication to other organs.
• Hyperglycemia affects blood vessels resulting in
  atherosclerosis.
• Vascular complication result in development of

8

• Hypertension
• Myocardial Infarction
• Degeneration of autonomic and peripheral nerves
  called Diabetic neuropathy.
• Degeneration of Kidney known as Diabetic
  neuropathy.
• Degeneration in retina known as Diabetic
  Retinopathy.

9
Diagnostic Tests for Diabetes Mellitus

• Fasting Blood Sugar
• Postprandial blood sugar
• HbA1C Test
• Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)

10
Signs and Symptoms

• Increased blood sugar level (300 to 400 mg/dl)
• Fats are mobilized from adipose tissue inorder to
  gain energy. The excess fatty acids are deposited
  on the walls of arteries resulting
  atherosclerosis.
• Depletion of proteins from tissues.

11
Features of Diabetes Mellitus

• Glucosuria Loss of Glucose from urine.
• Polyuria Urine formed in excess with high
  frequency.
• Polydipsia Increase in water uptake.
• Polyphagia Increase in food uptake.
• Asthenia Loss of Stength

12
Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus

• Most important factor is change in lifestyle by
  eating a healthy diet and taking regular
  exercise.
• Staying away from sweets, pastas and smoking.

13
Important supplements to consider

• Use of Fish Oil
• Calcium intake
• Grape Seed extract. Contains very potent
  antioxidants.
• Vitamin C and E, Beta carotene, chromium,
  vanadium and garlic supplements have proved to be
  important in DM.

14
No of People Globally Affected

• According to the WHO, in 2010 there is an
  estimation of 285 million people globally
  affected. The number is expected to grow to 438
  million by 2030. More than 70 of the affected
  people live in low and middle income countries.
• In Pakistan, approximately7.1 million people are
  affected with Diabetes.

15
Research arcticle

• Harris et al. have studied the role of calpins,
  a protein produced by the gene CAPN10 .
• It was demonstrated that calpin10 was associated
  with pathways involved in glucose metabolism,
  insulin secretion and insulin action.

16

• Fierce Biotech Research have reported the news of
  Stem cells therapy used to cure both type 1 and
  type 2 diabetes mellitus in Rat models.
• Neural stem cells were extracted from brain of
  diabetic rats. It was converted into insulin
  producing cells by bathing them in a human
  protein known as Wnt3a and adding an antibody
  known to block insulin-production inhibitors.
• The multiplied cells were then layered on top of
  pancreas.
• In a week the blood glucose level of rat models
  with both types of Diabetes were normal.

17
References

• Sembulingam, K., Sembulingum, P. (2008)
  Essentials of Medical Physiology. 4th Edition.
  Noida, India Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
• http//www.preventive-health-guide.com/
• http//www.fiercebiotechresearch.com
• http//www.worlddiabetesfoundation.org