William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture

1
William Stallings Computer Organization and
Architecture

• Chapter 1Introduction

2
????(?)

• ????????--????(???)
• William Stallings ?
• ??? ??
• ???????
• ISBN 7-5053-6674-2
• ??50.00?

3























????(?)

• ???????(???)
• ??? ??? ??
• ???????
• ISBN 7-302-02900-8
• ??42.00?

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??????

• ?????(?)???
• ?1? ??
• ?2? ?????????
• ?7? ??????
• ?11? CPU?????
• ?12? ????????
• ?13? ??????
• ?16? ????

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Topics

• Computer Architecture
• ???????
• Computer Organization
• ?????
• Organization and Architecture
• ??????????
• Structure and Function
• ?????

6
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6? ????
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5? ???????
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4? ???????
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3? ????
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2? ???????
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0? ????
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7
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8

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  ?3??4?

N x K ns
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9
Computer Architecture????

• Therefore, computer architecture refers to
• Attributes of a system visible to programmers
• Attributes that have a direct impact on the
  execution of programs
• ?????????
• ?????????????
• ????????????????

???????????????????????????
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Computer Architecture????

• Attributes(??????)
• Instruction set ???(??????????????)
• Data representation ????(???????????int, char,
  real)
• I/O mechanisms ??/???(?I/O?????????????)
• Addressing techniques ??????(????????????????)

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• ????????????????,????????????,????????
• ???????,????????????????,???????????????
• ????,???????????????????

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Computer Organization??

• Organization refers to operational units and
  their interconnections that realize the
  architectural specifications.
• ?????????????????,???????????
• ???????????????????

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Computer Organization??

• Attributes hardware details transparent to
  programmers ???????????
• Control signals ????(? ????????????)
• Computer/peripheral interface ????????? (?
  ???????)
• Memory technology ???????(? RAM???????,????????)

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Computer implementation??

• ????????????????????????????,?????????,????,??????
  ???????????,???????,???????????????????????

15

• ????
• ??????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????

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Architecture Organization 1

• Architecture is attributes visible to programmers
• ????????????????????
• Organization is how features are implemented
• ??????????????????

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Architecture Organization 1

• Example
• Architecture multiply instruction??????????
• Organization hardware multiply unit or done by
  repeated addition? ??????????????
• Example
• IBM/370 architecture
• different models (organizations)

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Architecture Organization 2

• Example
• Architecture ???????,?????????
• Organization?????,???????????????????????????????
  ?
• Implementation??????????????
• Example
• ????????????
• ?????????????????
• ???????????????

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Architecture Organization 3

• Family Concept?????????????????????,????????????
  ??????????
• All Intel x86 family share the same basic
  architecture
• The IBM System/370 family share the same basic
  architecture
• This gives code compatibility (at least
  backwards)
• Organization differs between different versions

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Architecture Organization 4

• ???????????????????,??????????????????????????????
  ??
• ????????,???????????????????????????,????????,????
  ?????????

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Architecture Organization 5

• ????
• ??(?)?????????????????????????(?)??????
• ??(?)????????????????????????????????????(?)?????
  ????
• ??????????
• ????????????????????????????0520?IBM PC???

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Architecture Organization

• ????????,?????????????????
• ???????????????
• ??????
• ??????
• ??????
• ?????
• ????????
• ???????????????????

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Architecture Organization

• ???????????
• ????(???????????????????)
• ????(???????????????????????)
• ?????(??????????????????????????)
• ????(???????????????????????????)
• ????(?????????????????????????)
• ????(?????????????????????)
• ????????????
• ????I/O??(???????????????????)
• ????(????????????????)

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Architecture Organization

• ???????????
• ??????(????????????????)
• ???????
• ????????????
• ????????
• ?????????(???????????)
• ???????
• ???????
• ?????

25
Structure Function 1(?????)

• Computer
• Complex systemgt How can we design/describe it?
  ????????
• Hierarchic system????
• A set of interrelated subsystems, each subsystem
  hierarchic in structure until some lowest level
  of elementary subsystems is reached
  ???????????????,????????????,????????????
• At each level of the system, the designer is
  concerned with structure and function.
  ?????,?????????????

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Structure Function 2 (?????)

• Structure is the way in which components relate
  to each other
• ????????????
• Function is the operation of individual
  components as part of the structure
• ???????????????????

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Function

• Basic computer functions ????
• Data processing ????
• Data storage ????
• Data movement ????
• Control ??

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Functional view

• Functional view of a computer

????
????
??
????
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Operations (1)

• Data movement ????
• e.g. keyboard to screen ??????

????
????
??
????
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Operations (2)

• Storage ????
• e.g. Internet download to disk ???????

????
????
??
????
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Operation (3)

• Processing from/to storage ??????
• e.g. updating bank statement ?????

????
????
??
????
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Operation (4)

• Processing from storage to I/O ?????
• e.g. printing a bank statement ????

????
????
??
????
33
Structure

• Four main structural components ??????
• CPU
• Main Memory
• I/O Devices
• System Interconnection ????

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Structure - Top Level
Computer
Peripherals
Central Processing Unit
Main Memory
Computer
Systems Interconnection
Input Output
Communication lines
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Structure - The CPU
CPU
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Computer
Registers
I/O
CPU
System Bus
Internal CPU Interconnection
Memory
Control Unit
36
Structure - The Control Unit
Control Unit
CPU
Sequencing Logic
ALU
Control Unit
Internal Bus
Control Unit Registers and Decoders
Registers
Control Memory
37
Structure Function (?????)

• ?? ????
• ???? ?????(???)
• ???? ?????
• ???? ??/????
• ?? ?????(???)

????
38
Outline of the Book (1)

• Computer Evolution and Performance
• Computer Interconnection Structures
• Internal Memory
• External Memory
• Input/Output
• Operating Systems Support
• Computer Arithmetic
• Instruction Sets

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Outline of the Book (2)

• CPU Structure and Function
• Reduced Instruction Set Computers
• Superscalar Processors
• Control Unit Operation
• Microprogrammed Control
• Multiprocessors and Vector Processing
• Digital Logic (Appendix)

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Internet Resources- Web site for book

• http//WilliamStallings.com
• links to sites of interest
• links to sites for courses that use the book
• errata list for book
• information on other books by W. Stallings

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Internet Resources- Web sites to look for

• WWW Computer Architecture Home Page
• CPU Info Center
• ACM Special Interest Group on Computer
  Architecture
• IEEE Technical Committee on Computer Architecture
• Intel Technology Journal
• Manufacturers sites
• Intel, IBM, etc.

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Internet Resources - Usenet News Groups

• comp.arch
• comp.arch.arithmetic
• comp.arch.storage