Russia

1
Russia Japan Industrialization Outside the West

• Chapter 27

2
Map 27.1Russian Expansion 1815-1914 (page 651)

• What modern states did the Russians rule in 1914
  but not in 1999?
• In Europe? In the Caucasus area? In Central Asia?
• Geo-Politics Geo-Economics
• How far is it from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok?
• How would the size distances in Russia make
  Government difficult?
• What relationship is there between Russian ports
  access to the seas?
• Why would ports on the Barents Sea Arctic Ocean
  not be practical?

3
Russia
backlash against Westernization -early 1800s
turn to isolationism
Nicholas I represses opposition - Russia escapes
mid 1800 revolutions
territorial expansion
falls behind West with industrialization
agricultural society dependent on un-free labor
4
THE GREAT GAME
Britain Russia
Central Asia
early 1800s - WWI
5
Crimean War (1854-1856) - lose b/c not as
industrialized
free labor force needed?
reform to protect Russian institutions not copy
West
serfs emancipated 1861 - had to pay for land
increases urban population no increase in ag
production
later reforms law codes - local political
councils - military
6
literacy increases
women get some access to education professions
move to industrialization
open up Siberia
railroads 1870s - spur iron coal production
high protective tariffs improve banking encourage
Western investment
remains traditional peasant society no
attitudinal change
7
Road to Revolution
reforms economic changes encourage minority
nationality demands
cultural nationalism
social protest
educated dissatisfied - want more personal
freedoms
peasants suffer
intelligentsia radical political change -
deep social reform
government pulls back from reforms
8
Marxist socialism starts to spread (1890s)
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin make Marxism fit Russia
working class unrest in cities
Revolution of 1905
imperialist expansion into 20th century
pan-Slavic movement
Middle East, Central Asia, China
Russo-Japanese war 1904-1905
loss creates unrest in Russia
9
urban workers peasants unite
Duma created national parliament
peasant reforms
Tsar withdraws reforms new rights
Eastern Europe
influenced by Russia
abolish serfdom industrialization
minimal agricultural exporters
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Cultural
novelists
Dostoevsky Tolstoy
music
Tchaikovsky Chopin (Polish) Lizt (Hungarian)
science
Mendel (Czech) genetics Pavlov - physiology
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Map 27.2Japanese Colonial Expansion(page 665)

• Geography Japan
• What lands block Japanese expansion?
• If Japan were to expand abroad, what would she
  need?
• Why would Japan covet Korea?
• Geography War (use map on 651 too)
• If Japan expanded into Korea, what countries
  would contest the move?
• What 2 wars did Japan fight?
• What geographic problems plagued Russia but would
  help Japan?

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JAPAN
adapt to challenge of industrial change
last Shogunate
early 1800s central bureaucracy alliances
with daimyos
economic problems
Neo-Confucianism over Buddhism among elite
variety of Confucian schools
13
education expands high literacy rate
national studies group - venerates traditions
Dutch studies western science
manufacturing spreads
1850s problems with technology, ag population
Isolation
Matthew Perry forces opening of Japan - naval
superiority
14
European nations follow
shogunate still favored isolation - could not
withstand stress of foreign intervention
1868 Meiji restoration
abolishes feudalism
expand centralized power
samurai class abolished - impoverished, revolt,
defeated
create new nobility bureaucracy reorganized
15
emperor more power
voting rights decline
power with businessmen former nobles
imitate West but retained own identity
Reorganization
industrialization
Western style military banks railroads land reform
dominated by government
16
model factories created technical education
some private enterprise entrepreneurs
1890s Zaibatsu formed
depend on Western imports of raw materials on
inexpensive labor
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Effects of Industrialization
population increase
universal education - science - technology -
loyalty to nation
Western fashions, calendar, metric system
inferiority of women
traditional ideas of - inferiority of women -
formal manners - Shintoism
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imperialism
need for raw materials
Sino-Japanese War over Korea - quick winAsian
power
alliance with Britain
Russo-Japanese War win again
19
Modernization
create poor living standards in cities
generational arguments over Westernization
emergence of political parties
intellectuals loss of identity - lack of
opportunities
Nationalism built on traditions
highest achievers outside of West
20
Compare and contrast Japan and Russia during the
process of industrialization.

• JAPAN
• emperor has power
• send samurai overseas to learn technology
  science
• government banks fund trade provide capital
• state built railroads
• guilds abolished
• create national market
• government dominates industry
• rr, mines, metallurgy
• government control kept away too much foreign
  intervention
• Ministry of Industry
• disciplined work systems
• adapted Western practices for Japanese conditions
• zaibatsu large industrial operations
• depended on imports of raw materials
• very dependent on world economic situation
• success in organizing industrialization

• RUSSIA
• part of wider process of change
• state support no middle class or capital
• railroads 1870s - stimulated
• expansion of iron coal industry
• export of grain to West
• urban working class grows
• high tariffs to protect industry
• Western investors to build factories
• ½ of industry foreign owned
• debtor nation
• 1900 4th in world steel production
• factories huge but not technically advanced

21
Describe Russian reform and industrialization
from 1861-1900.

• emancipate serfs
• still preserve aristocratic power
• still tied to villages til pay off land
• larger urban labor force
• villages provide organization for peasants
• reform new law codes, zemstvoes (local
  political councils
• army conscription, Westernization
• literacy increases
• industrialization part of change reform

22
What were the forces leading to revolution in
Russia by 1905?

• match imperialism of Western neighbors
• Chinese sphere of influence
• diplomatic aspirations not met by military power
• defeat by Japanese (could not move navy into
  Pacific fast enough)
• protests at home
• urban workers organize strikes
• peasant insurrections
• Duma created to pacify liberals
• peasants gained more freedoms

23
Describe Japanese reform and industrialization
from 1853 to 1900.

• end isolation
• end of Shogunate emperor regains power
• replace daimyos with district administrators
• centralize power
• social revolution abolish samurai class
• army based on conscription, Western style
  military
• create new nobility, bureaucracy re-organized,
  civil service exams
• new parliament diet
• centralized imperial rule
• power to wealthy business leaders and nobles

24
What social economic changes took place in
Japan as a result of industrialization?

• population growth (strains resources, cheap
  labor)
• universal education system
• stress science, technology, morals values
• western fashions, calendar, metric system
• western ideas only to complement Japanese
• maintain womens inferiority
• Shintoism grows
• nationalism superiority, cohesion, deference to
  rulers
• imperialism Korea, Manchuria
• poor living standards in cities
• parliament clashes with emperors ministers
• successful in modernizing yet keeping innate
  Japanese culture

25
Discuss the different ways in which the process
of industrialization manifested itself I Japan
and Russia of territorial expansion or
colonialism.

• process threatened traditional social
  hierarchies
• Russia aristocracy threatened by serf freedom,
  creation of zemstoves army reforms
• Japan change in samurai status, fall of
  shogunate, destruction of feudalism military
  reforms
• both use territorial expansion to appease
  aristocracy build support for imperial
  government
• Japan expanded after industrialization (raw
  materials)
• Russia expanded long before industrialization
  (warm-water port)

26
Discuss the extent of Japanese and Russian
independence from the West and the ways in which
their independence differed from that of Latin
America.

• Japan Russia use Western models for
  industrialization incorporate Western culture.
  Continue to trade with west so dependent on West
  culturally technologically.
• Japans industrialization accomplished with less
  foreign money or control. Japan more economically
  autonomous
• Russia had a dependent economy with foreign
  capitalization reliance on agricultural exports
• both involved in Western alliances
• Latin America didnt industrialize, was less
  involved in Western diplomacy colonialism. In
  cultural money borrowing they were similar to
  Japan Russia.