Information Technology

1
Information Technology The Autistic Culture
srobertson_at_ist.psu.edu

• Influences, Empowerment, Progression of IT
  Usage in
• Advocacy Initiatives

Scott Michael Robertson Ph.D. Candidate Informatio
n Sciences Technology The Pennsylvania State
University
2
Contacting Me

• Questions, comments, thoughts always welcome
• Email srobertson_at_ist.psu.edu
• Instant Messaging
• AIM hppalm
• MSN (Windows Live) srobertson_at_ist.psu.edu
• Yahoo Messenger psuresearcher
• Google Talk aspiegeek
• Jabber hppalm_at_jabber.org
• Telephone available upon request

3
About Me Multiple Hats

• Multiple Perspectives on autism
• Autistic Adult
• Researcher
• Educator, Mentor
• Advocate/Self-Advocate
• Cross-informative complementary

4
Multiple HatsMy Autistic Adult Hat

• Somewhat self-explanatory
• Common story
• Self-dx after reading a book on autism in 99
• 1st Yr. of College
• Mindblindness
• Clinically diagnosed 6 yrs. later

5
Multiple HatsMy Researcher Hat

• Third year Ph.D. student _at_ Penn State
• College of Information Sciences Technology
• Multidisciplinary research
• Information, Technology, People
• Thesis Focus
• Technology support for postsecondary education
  transition for adolescents young adults on the
  autistic spectrum
• Stakeholder groups autistic secondary
  postsecondary students, secondary postsecondary
  educators, parents
• Primarily Qualitative Design-based research

6
IST Building (Winter Time)
7
Multiple HatsMy Educator Hat

• Summer program for adolescents and young adults
  of cognitive difference
• Pittsburgh, PA
• Affiliated w/ Carnegie Mellon Univ. (now La Roche
  College)
• Taught
• computer programming (C, Java), writing,
  journalism, photography, social relationship
  skills (2 yrs.)
• Mentored a student each yr.
• Assistant director for 1 yr.
• Autistic/Aspergers support class (high school)
• Classroom volunteer (1 term)
• Social Group For Autistic Teens
• Co-organizer

8
Multiple Hats My Advocate Hat

• Speaker
• Writer
• Autistic Self-Advocacy Network (ASAN)
• VP PA Director
• PA Bureau of Autism Services
• Adult Services Advisory Committee

9
Penn State Natl. Autism Conference

• July 30-August 3
• State College, PA
• Im hosting 2 sessions
• Opening Keynote Presentation Adolescence,
  Adulthood, The Autism Spectrum
• Postsecondary Education Transition For Autistic
  Students

10
Overview

• Jargon Jogger
• Influences on IT Usage by Autistic Community
• Early History of Autistics IT Usage
• Recent Developments
• Platforms
• Usage Themes
• Emerging Usage Themes
• Service community (ex. postsecondary education
  portal)
• Simulations virtual environments (ex. Brigadoon)

11
Jargon Jogger

• ITinformation technology
• e.g. email, IM, websites, telephone, etc.
• blogshort for web log a web-based journal of
  events/thoughts
• email listemail-based distributive messaging
  list
• IMinstant messaging
• f2fface-to-face communication (in-person)
• synchronous comm.at the same time
• e.g. a telephone conversation, a f2f conversation
• asynchronous comm.not at the same time
• e.g. an email message, a letter, website post,
  newsgroup post
• asynchronous synchronous hybrid
• instant messaging, text messaging, IRC (Internet
  Relay Chat)

12
IT Autistic CommunityInfluences

• 1. Systematic-logical nature of IT
• 2. Limits on Nonverbal Communication
• 3. Lack of auditory processing
• 4. Lack of physical vocal presence
• 5. Control over the social-culture physical
  environment
• Including sensory environment
• 6. Relatively anonymous

13
Influences on IT Usage1. Logical-Systematic
Nature

• Systematically organized, designed, used
• Software programmed w/ algorithmic units
• Hardware targeted for specific function purpose
• Fits cognitive style of many autistics
• Logical, Rational, Rule-based
• Designed by for autistics
• Dr. Alan Turing, father of computer science
• Creator of Turing Machine
• abstract model used in modern computers today
• Described as autistic by many authors
• e.g. OConnel Fitzgerald, 2003 Tofs, Johnson,
  Cavallaro, 2003 James, 2005 Elder, 2005

14
Influences on IT Usage2. Nonverbal Comm.

• Challenges of nonverbal comm. for autistics
• Self-reported (including this presenter)
• Identified in studies
• (e.g. Barnhill et al., 2002 Scott, 1985 Howlin,
  2000 Coning Magill-Evans, 2001 Sperry
  Mesibov, 2005)
• Throughout the lifespan
• Develop compensatory strategies adapt
• Certain degree of challenge remains (usually)
• Nonverbal channel categorization
• Nonverbal channel usage across comm. types

15
Influences on IT Usage2. Nonverbal Comm. Types

• Nonverbal Comm. Channels (Nowicki Duke, 2002)
• Visual Cues
• Facial Expressions
• Gestures
• Postures/Body Movement
• Clothing, Appearance, Item Usage
• Auditory Cues (aka paralinguistic)
• Tone of Voice, Volume, Prosody, Speech Rate, etc.
• Other Cues
• Haptics (tactile actions)
• Proxemics (spatial usage)
• Chronemics (time usage)

16
Influences on IT Usage2. Nonverbal Comm. Usage

• Face-to-face communication
• Visual Nonverbal Cues
• Auditory Nonverbal Cues
• Haptics, Proxemics, Chronemics
• Telephone communication
• Auditory Nonverbal Cues
• Chronemics
• Online communication (text-based)
• Chronemics

17
Influences on IT Usage3. Auditory Processing

• Auditory vs. Visual Language Processing
• Auditory Language
• Transient
• high demand on attention focus rapid language
  reception expression
• Sequential
• Cant go back to message parts w/o
  repeating/replaying
• Visual Language
• Intransient (typically)
• Less demand on attention focus speedy language
  reception expression
• Non-sequential (typically)
• Can re-read, re-scan, re-examine, re-analyze,
  re-scrutinize, etc.

18
Influences on IT Usage3. Auditory Processing
(Cont.)

• Challenges of auditory language processing for
  autistics
• Self-reported
• Identified in studies
• (e.g. Gervais et al., 2004 Boddaert et al.,
  2004, Jansson-Verkasalo et al., 2003)
• Degree of challenges varies greatly
• individual differences
• physical environment
• many competing sounds, loud background noise
• social environment
• many people vs. fewer people
• state of mind
• stress level, emotional state, recent past
  experiences, etc.

19
Influences on IT Usage3. Auditory Processing
(Cont.)

• Face-to-face comm.
• moderate to high demand on auditory language
  processing
• Telephone comm.
• very high demand on auditory language processing
• Text-based online comm.
• no demand on auditory language processing

20
Influences on IT Usage4. Physical Vocal
Presence

• Face-to-face comm.
• Physical presence from
• Visual cues (verbal nonverbal cues)
• Tactile (haptic) cues
• Auditory (vocal) presence from
• Auditory cues (verbal nonverbal)
• Telephone comm.
• Auditory (vocal) presence from
• Auditory cues (verbal nonverbal)

21
Influences on IT Usage4. Physical Vocal
Presence (2)

• Challenges of visual/vocal presence
• Anxiety in social settings
• Nonverbal comm. difficulties (discussed earlier)
• Others interpretation of neurological
  differences
• Executive Functioning
• Motor Sensory
• Social, Language, Comm.
• Past interactions w/ peers others
• Can Lead to
• Peer group rejection
• Shunning denigrating
• Intolerant responses

22
Influences on IT Usage4. Physical Vocal
Presence (3)

• Advantages of online presence
• Presence from visual verbal cues only
• Words are powerful
• Can evoke confidence, self-assurance
• Esp. in individuals w/ strong verbal skills
• Build self-confidence self-esteem
• Empower further online comm.
• Empower physical/vocal interaction

23
Influences on IT Usage5. Control over
environment

• Comm. control
• Can leave or break from conversation easily
• Walk away from computer/device, turn it off, etc.
• Sensory control
• Change sounds, smells, sights in your room
• Sensory environment not reflected in conversation
• Unlike telephone conversation
• Task control
• Can do other tasks in the background
• Ex. watching TV, listening to music, playing
  videogames. etc.

24
Influences on IT Usage6. Anonymity Other Adv.

• Anonymity
• Online comm. can be untied from activities/events
  of physical world
• Can selectively present facets details about
  yourself
• Other
• Breaking past geographical time barriers
• Sharing information, documents, etc.

25
Early Online IT UsageAutistic Community

• ANI
• ANI-L email list spinoffs
• website
• INLV
• email lists
• website articles
• IRC Usage
• Starlink-IRC network channels
• Personal websites of autistics

26
Early Online IT UsageUsage Themes

• Discussion of autistic identity differences
• Shared interests passions
• Advocacy Creation of ANI
• Creation of Autreat

27
Early Online IT UsageCreation of Autreat

• First autistic-run conference for autistics
• First held in 1996 in NY State
• 1996-2003 in NY State
• 2004-present in Pennsylvania (Philly)
• Influenced Autscape
• First autistic-run conference for autistics in
  Europe
• Established in the U.K. in 2005
• Large IT Support
• Autreatinfo Yahoo Group/Email List
• Website

28
Current Trends, Autistics, ITAn Overview

• Growth in Platforms
• Online Communities
• Social networking sites
• IRC Discussion expansion
• Blogging Networks Blogs
• Some Usage Themes
• Clearing Misunderstandings Myths
• Autistic-run advocacy social organizations
• Discussion of shared interests passions
• Political Advocacy
• Dating Relationships

29
Current Trends, Autistics, ITOnline
Communities

• Many autistic-run communities spread throughout
  the Web
• International presence
• Largest communities
• Wrongplanet.net (U.S.)
• Autsider (International)

30
Current Trends, Autistics, IT Profile of
WrongPlanet.net

• Website http//www.wrongplanet.net
• Founded in June 2004 by 2 autistic teens
• Alexander Plank in Virginia (now at George Mason
  Univ.)
• Dan Grover in Vermont (now at Northeastern Univ.)
• Rapid Growth (in 3 yrs.)
• 11,000 members
• 25 forum sections
• 30,000 topics 700,000 posts
• Mixed membership
• Age range 7 to 60
• Backgrounds autistics (mostly), family members,
  professionals

31
Current Trends, Autistics, IT Wrongplanet.net
Creation

• Challenges in collaboration for co-founders
• Distance Separation
• 500 miles between northern Virginia Vermont
• 10 hour drive crossing 5 states
• Time Schedule Separation
• Rigid high school schedules
• Internet-based coordination Phone
• Email (asynchronous)
• Instant messaging (synchronous)
• Website posts (asynchronous)
• Telephone (synchronous)

32
Current Trends, Autistics, ITYouTube

• High autism-related video content
• Search for autism 6,000 videos
• Search for autistic 4,000 videos
• Search for Asperger 1,000 videos
• Search for PDD-NOS additional 63 videos
• Highly Viewed Videos of Autistic Identity
• Alex Olinkiewiczs In My Mind
• Amanda Baggs In My Language
• Jeremy Pesners diversity monologue
• Emilys Im Autistic!
• The PosAutive Group

33
Current Trends, Autistics, ITYouTube
PosAutive

• Websites
• www.youtube.com/group/posautive
• www.posautive.org
• Created in 2006
• 500 Videos
• Video expansion at rapid rate
• New videos uploaded every few days
• Subdivision into 5 sub-groups
• Kids, Adults, Arts, Senses, Savants
• 150 Members
• Autistic Adults
• Non-autistics who support autistic identity
  neurodiversity

34
Current Trends, Autistics, IT Facebook

• 11 autistic groups
• Largest autistic groups (by membership)
• Autistic Advocates (400 members)
• Asperger Makes Me Who I Am (200 members)
• People with Autism Aspergers Syndrome (130
  members)
• Dont Cure Me Autistics Aspies Against A Cure
  (80 members)
• 100,000-300,000 autistic FB users
• based on .5 to 1.5 of population 25 million
  FB users

35
Current Trends, Autistics, ITIRC Expansion

• IRC Usage in mid to late 1990s
• Mainly two channels on Starlink-IRC
• asperger autism
• Current IRC Usage
• Many channels (15)
• Autistic-run servers/networks
• Autism Globe
• ChatAutism
• AutIRC
• Presence on many general networks worldwide (10)

36
Current Trends, Autistics, ITInfluential
Blogs

• 5,000-6,000 posts by aut-neurodiv. bloggers
• Autistic Bloggers
• Autism Diva
• Ballastexistenz.(Amanda Baggs)
• Rett Devils Rants (Kassiane Sibley)
• Whose Planet Is It Anyway? (Autistic BFH)
• Pro-Neurodiversity Bloggers
• Left Brain/Right Brain (Kevin Leitch)
• Autism Street
• Joy Of Autism
• Autism Vox/Autism Land
• Natural Variation

37
Current Trends, Autistics, IT Blogging
Networks

• The Autism Hub
• 50 bloggers
• blogging by austistics neurodiversity
  supporters
• More established blogs
• AutiBlogger
• 20 bloggers
• blogging only by autistics
• More emerging blogs

38
Current Trends, Autistics, IT Blog Discussions

• Neurodiversity
• Dispelling junk science
• Autism Myths
• Postsecondary education employment
• Many Other topics

39
Current Trends, Autistics, ITUsage Themes

• Clearing Misunderstandings Myths
• Autistic-run advocacy social organizations
• Discussion of shared interests passions
• Political Advocacy
• Dating Relationships

40
Current Trends, Autistics, ITMisunderstandings
Myths

• Discussions by autistics of
• What its like to be autistic (from their
  perspective)
• Others misunderstandings of their differences
• Attacking widespread myths about autism
• YouTube as a major outlet of expression

41
Current Trends, Autistics, ITYouTube
Autistic Identity

• Alex Olinkeiwicz, an autistic teen
• In My Mind
• video about experiences in life school
• 700,000 views of the video 10,000 comments
  7,000 ratings
• Amanda Baggs, an autistic adult
• In My Language
• 250,000 views of the video 1,000 comments
  1,300 ratings
• Jeremy Pesners diversity monologue

42
Current Trends, Autistics, ITAutistic-Run
Organizations

• Autistic-run collaborative advocacy social
  group organizations examples
• Autism Network International (ANI)
• The Autism National Committee
• The Autistic Self-Advocacy Network (ASAN)
• AASCEND
• GRASP
• AAGW
• All depend highly on email list websites
• Discussion by membership
• Articles, discussion forums, etc.
• Online collaboration for autistic culture events
• International Aspergers Year (2006)
• Autistic Pride Day

43
Current Trends, Autistics, ITPolitical
Advocacy

• Case example of blogging posts by ABFH (The
  Autistic Bitch From Hell)
• Blog commentary on Hillary Clinton
• professed an intention to cure and wipe out
  anything along the autism spectrum in an
  announcement of autism legislation posted in a
  video clip on Youtube
• Allied w/ Autism Speaks
• Blog commentary on Barak Obama
• supporter of changing societys attitudes towards
  those of developmental difference

44
Current Trends, Autistics, ITDating

• Online Dating may be easier for autistics
• advantages of online IT mentioned earlier
• Autistic communities individuals have launched
  dating websites
• Wrongplanet.nets Aspie Affection site
• Challenges
• Real world tie-in to dating relationships
• Males females
• many identified/self-identified autistics are
  males
• likely because of societal attitudes/stds/norms
  toward females
• most autistics on the dating sites are males
• autistic males seeking female autistic partners
  have a difficulty in finding partners

45
Autistics Emerging IT UseTrends

• Simulations Virtual environments
• Brigadoon community on Second Life
• Connecting autistic adults w/ educators service
  providers
• Postsecondary education transition portal
• Other
• Autistic Adults Picture Project
• Autistic Picture Page
• Email Lists
• Instant Messaging

46
Autistics Emerging IT Use Autistic Adults
Picture Project

• Website http//www.isn.net/jypsy/AuSpin/a2p2.htm
  
• Founded in 2004 by Janet Norman-Bain (aka jypsy)
• 200 autistic adults listed
• Age range 18 to 60s
• Wide range of occupations breakdancing,
  sculpting, cartooning, radio DJing, teaching,
  engineering, IT, science, music, etc.

47
Autistics Emerging IT Use The Autistic
Picture Page

• Website www.picturepage.net
• Photo album detailing aspects of by autistic
  youth adults
• Categories
• Humor
• Absorption
• Affection
• Sensory
• Religion
• Everyday Lives
• Contrasts

48
Autistics Emerging IT UseIM Email Lists

• IM
• Natural social structure buddy lists
• Hybrid of synchronous asynchronous comm.
• Benefits of email phone w/o voice
• Can do other tasks in background
• May be too fast-paced for some autistics
• Integration w/ online communities
• Wrongplanet.net
• Email Lists
• Most email lists on Yahoo run by
  parents/professionals
• Growing number of email lists run by autistics

49
Autistics Emerging IT Use Postsec. Education
Portal

• Postsecondary education for autistic students
• Media Attention
• Attention from academia professional world
• Stakeholder Groups
• My Proposed Studies
• Portal Infrastructure
• Technological
• Social-cultural

50
Postsec. Education AutismMedia Attention

• Students On The Spectrum, The New York Times,
  Nov. 2006
• Aspergers Confounds Colleges, The Chronicle of
  Higher Education, 2004
• Autistic Alone On Campus, The Chicago
  Sun-Times, 2007
• An Aspergers Life, The Billings Gazette, 2005
• The Art of Living With Autism--University
  Student Draws On Ability, The News-Sentinel, 2004

51
Postsec. Education AutismAcademia
Professional

• Academia
• Journal articles conference papers
• Growing source of interest
• Many papers published in last 4-5 years
• Still small num. of total papers
• Professional World
• Publicly available articles podcasts
• Again, growing interest
• Still small num. of total papers
• Books
• 4 major books (2 from the U.K.)
• 1 book chapter

52
Postsec. Education AutismMajor Stakeholder
Groups (5)

• Autistic Students
• postsecondary level
• secondary level
• Educators Administrators
• postsecondary level
• secondary level
• Parents Family Members

53
Postsec. Education AutismMy Proposed Studies

• Interviews
• Interviews w/ members of 5 stakeholder groups
• face-to-face, telephone, IM, etc.
• knowledge, experiences, perspectives
• Postsecondary education planning documents
• Secondary level (e.g. middle schools high
  schools)
• Postsecondary level (e.g. colleges
  universities)
• Autism-specific college/university programs
• Planning development process
• Collaboration w/ secondary level
• Secondary transition programs
• Planning development process
• Collaboration w/ postsecondary level

54
Postsec. Education Autism Portal Tech.
Infrastructure

• Informed by studies w/ stakeholder groups
• Potential technology options
• Threaded Discussion Forums
• User Shared Blogging
• Audio Video Podcasting
• Instant messaging/Private messaging
• Email Discussion Lists
• Connection to existing online communities
• Autism-specific communities
• Social networking sites (e.g. Facebook, Youtube)

55
Postsec. Education AutismPortal Social
Infrastructure

• Informed by studies w/ stakeholder groups
• Social psychology theories of communities
  online communities
• Bond Theory Identity Theory (Ren, Kraut,
  Keisler, 2007)
• group identity w/in the community
• relationships between members sub-groups
• Theories of educational communities of practice
• Social-cultural perspective of autistics

56
Contacting Me

• Questions, comments, thoughts always welcome
• Email srobertson_at_ist.psu.edu
• Instant Messaging
• AIM hppalm
• MSN (Windows Live) srobertson_at_ist.psu.edu
• Yahoo Messenger psuresearcher
• Google Talk aspiegeek
• Jabber hppalm_at_jabber.org
• Telephone available upon request

57
References Postsec. Education (Media)

• Moore, A. S. (Nov. 5, 2006) Students On The
  Spectrum, The New York Times
• Farrell, E. F. (Oct. 8, 2004) Aspergers
  Confounds Colleges, The Chronicle of Higher
  Education
• Passantino, D. (March 11, 2007) Autistic Alone
  On Campus, The Chicago Sun-Times
• Pickett, M. (2005) An Aspergers Life, The
  Billings Gazette
• Boen, J. L. (Sept. 1, 2004), The Art of Living
  With Autism--University Student Draws On
  Ability, The News-Sentinel

58
ReferencesPostsec. Education (Books)

• Prince-Hughes, D. (2002), Aquamarine Blue 5
  Personal Stories of College Students with Autism
• Palmer, A. (2005) Realizing the College Dream
  with Autism or Aspergers Syndrome A Parents
  Guide To Student Success
• Harpur, J., Lawlor, M., Fitzgerald, M. (2002),
  Succeeding in College with Asperger Syndrome A
  Student Guide
• Jamieson, J. Jamieson, C. (2004), Managing
  Asperger Syndrome At College And University A
  Resource For Students, Tutors, And Support
  Services

59
ReferencesNonverbal Comm.

• Nowicki, S. Duke, M. (2002), Will I Ever Fit
  In? The Breakthrough Program For Conquering Adult
  Dyssemia
• Barnhill, G. P., Cook, K. T., Tebbenkamp, K.,
  Myles, B. M. (2002), The Effectiveness Of Social
  Skills Intervention Targeting Nonverbal
  Communication For Adolescents With Asperger
  Syndrome And Related Pervasive Developmental
  Delays, Focus on Autism and Other Developmental
  Disabilities, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 112-118
• Coning, C. Magill-Evans, J. (2001), Social And
  Language Skills In Adolescent Boys With Asperger
  Syndrome, Autism, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 23-37
• Scott, D. W. (1985), Aspergers Syndrome And
  Nonverbal Communication A Pilot Study The
  Journal of Psychological Medicine, Vol. 15., No.
  3, 683-687
• Howlin, P. (2000), Outcome In Adult Life For
  More Able Individuals With Autism Or Asperger
  Syndrome, Vol. 4, No. 63, pp. 63-84
• Sperry, L. B. Mesibov, G. B. (2005),
  Perceptions of Social Challenges Of Adults With
  Autism Spectrum Disorder, Autism, Vol. 9, No. 4,
  pp. 362-377

60
ReferencesAuditory Processing

• Boddaert, N., Chabane, N., Belin, P., Bourgeois,
  M., Royer, V., Barthelemeny, C., Mouren-Simeoni,
  M., Phillipe, A., Brunelle, F., Samson, Y.,
  Zilbovicius, M. (2004), Perception of Complex
  Sounds in Autism Abnormal Auditory Cortical
  Processing in Children, The American Journal of
  Psychiatry, Vol. 161, No. 11, pp. 2117-2120
• Gervais, H., Belin, P., Boddaert, N., Leboyer ,
  M., Coez, A., Sfaello, I., Barthélémy C.,
  Brunelle F., Samson Y., Zilbovicius M. (2004),
  Abnormal cortical voice processing in autism.
  Natural Neuroscience, Vol. 7, No. 8, pp. 801-802
• Jansson-Verkasalo, E, Ceponiene, R, Kielinen, M,
  Suominen, K, Jäntti, V, Linna, S. L., Moilanen,
  I., Näätänen R. (2003), Deficient auditory
  processing in children with Asperger Syndrome, as
  indexed by event-related potentials,
  Neuroscience Letters, Vol. 338, No. 3, pp. 197-200

61
ReferencesAutism Autistic Community

• Sinclair, J. (2005) Autism Network
  International The Development Of A Community And
  Its Culture http//web.syr.edu/jisincla/History_
  of_ANI.html
• Dekker, M. (1999), On Our Own Terms Emerging
  Autistic Culture, autisticculture.com
• Kopp, R. (2002) Autism List Change Of Ownership
  http//web.syr.edu/rjkopp/data/farewell.html
• Blume, H. (June 30, 1997) Autistics Are
  Communicating in Cyberspace The New York Times,
  http//nytimes.com/library/cyber/techcol/063097tec
  hcol.html

62
ReferencesAlan Turing

• OConnell H., Fitzgerald M. (2003). Did Alan
  Turing have Aspergers syndrome? Irish Journal of
  Psychological Medicine. Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 28
  31.
• Copeland, B. J. (2006), The Modern History of
  Computing, The Stanford Encyclopedia of
  Philosophy, http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/comp
  uting-history
• Elder, J. (2005), Different Like Me My Book of
  Autism Heroes
• James, I. (2005), Asperger Syndrome and High
  Achievement Some Very Remarkable People
• Leader, J. (2000), Asperger Specialist, Dr. Tony
  Attwood in NY Disabilities Awareness, The New
  York State Commission On Quality of Care
• Tofts, D., Johnson, A., Cavallaro, A. (2003),
  Prefiguring Cyberculture An Intellectual
  History, MIT Press

63
ReferencesVideos Blogs

• Olinkiewicz, A. (2007), In My Mind Video
  Retrieved May 7, 2007 from http//www.youtube.com/
  watch?vrbgUjmeC-4o
• Pesner, J. (2007), Autism From The Source A
  Monologue By Jeremy Pesner Video Retrieved May
  7, 2007 from http//www.youtube.com/watch?vdmhfm8
  1Vxuo
• Abfh (2007a) Barack Obama Campaign of Hope
  http//autisticbfh.blogspot.com/2007/04/barack-oba
  ma-campaign-of-hope.html
• Abfh (2007b) Hillary Clintons Final Solution
  http//autisticbfh.blogspot.com/2007/04/hillary-cl
  intons-final-solution.html

64
ReferencesOther

• Ren, Y., Kraut, R., Keisler, S. (2007),
  Applying Common Identity and Bond Theory to
  Design of Online Communities, Organizational
  Studies, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 377-408