HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION CHAPTER 7

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HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION CHAPTER 7 8
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Beginnings of Education

• Prehistoric cultures used oral lang. to educate
  children
• Written lang. developed from need for more
  complex means of passing on knowledge from one
  generation to another
• 2000 BCE earliest evidence of schools in Sumeria
  and China
• Remember to see the chart for the influence of
  the Hindu, Hebrew, Chinese, and Egyptian
  influence on education

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WESTERN EDUCATIONin Greece

• The Age of Pericles created a concern for formal
  education
• What were the differences between Athens and
  Sparta?
• The 3 great Greek philosophers were ____, ____,
  and ____.
• Remember females and slaves were not considered
  intelligent enough to warrant an education

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WESTERN EDUCATIONin Rome

• Rome conquered Greece in 146 BCE adopted many
  Greek ideas about education
• Latin Grammar Schools taught Latin, literature,
  history, mathematics, music, dialetics
• Institutions of higher learning were also
  available (law, medicine, math, mechanics)
• Many people united with common language,
  religion, government
• Education was still limited to wealthy boys

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THE MIDDLE AGES476-1300 CE

• 476 Fall of Roman Empire
• Catholic Church became more powerful in
  government and in education
• Dark Ages 400-1000
• Human knowledge regressed
• Some progess evident especially under reign of
  Charlemagne who used his position to establish
  schools encourage scholarly activity
• Alcuin Charlemagnes educational advisor

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THE MIDDLE AGES476-1300 CE

• Revival of Learning 1000-1300 people began to
  thirst for knowledge
• Thomas Aquinas helped influence education
• Medieval Universities began
• Bologna law
• Paris theology
• Oxford
• Salerno
• By 1492 about 80
• Influenced by Arab scholars (esp. in math and
  science)

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THE RENAISSANCEBEGAN IN 1300

• People began protesting the power the church had
  over social and intellectual life.
• Common people rebelled against the control of the
  wealthy and the Church.
• Humanism began a revival of classical learning
• Da Feltre believed people could be educated and
  be Christians
• Erasmus also lived during this period.

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THE REFORMATION BEGAN IN 1517

• Began when Luther released his 95 Theses
• Melanchthon worked with Luther they believed
  education should be available to all children
• Loyola also an influence
• Comenius produced textbooks esp. in science
  made easier because of printing press
• De La Salle founded an order of teachers that
  focused on elementary school he was one of the
  first to use student teaching

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AGE OF REASONBEGAN IN EARLY 1700s

• Revolt against superstition and ignorance
• Rationalism believed in rational power of
  humans and human ability to reason based on
  ideas of Descartes and led by Voltaire
• Frederick the Great leader of Prussia
  supported education by opening schools and
  creating teacher training and licensing laws
• Emergence of Common Man thinkers like Rousseau
  began to argue that common people deserved a
  better life Pestalozzi, Herbart, and Froebel
  applied this to education

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ROLE OF EDUCATION IN AMERICA

• SOUTHERN COLONIES
• VA, Carolinas, MD, GA
• Plantation culture
• Widely dispersed population
• No public schools private tutors
• MIDDLE COLONIES
• NY, NJ, PA, DEL
• Wide variety of national religious backgrounds
• Each group provided education
• NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
• Puritans were main group
• More densely populated
• Towns cities became centers of culture,
  economics, politics
• Led the way in education

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IMPORTANT DATES IN EARLY AMERICAN EDUCATION

• 1635 1st Latin Grammar school est. in Boston
  college prep. school
• 1642 Mass. law requiring parents masters to
  teach children to read
• 1647 Old Deluder Satan Law (also Mass.) towns
  with 50 families or more required to establish
  schools so they could read scripture
• 1787 Northwest Ordinance divided NW terr.
  into townships with 36 sections (16th for educ.)
• 1789 Constitution ratified does not mention
  educ.
• 1795 Conn. 1st state to use sale of public
  lands to finance schools
• First schools were dame schools, writing
  schools,, or charity schools

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Early American Colleges

• 1636 Harvard (MA)
• 1693 William Mary (VA)
• 1701 Yale (Conn)
• 1746 Princeton (NJ)
• 1754 Kings College (PA)
• 1764 College of Philadelphia
• 1764 Brown (RI)
• 1769 Dartmouth (NH)
• 1770 Queens College (?)
• 1770 College of Charleston (SC)
• All taught a traditional curriculum that focused
  on theology the classics.

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IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN AMERICAN EDUCATION

• Benjamin Franklin opened the American Academy
  in Phil. In 1751 had a more practical focus
  than Lat. Grammar schools
• Thomas Jefferson wrote a plan for a public
  school system in VA founded the University of
  Virginia
• Noah Webster favored the creation of an
  American curriculum wrote textbooks created
  the American Dictionary of the English Language

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The Common SchoolMovement

• Forces in the growth of public schools
• Larger more urban population
• Demands of larger working class
• Social control
• Needs of the frontier
• Increased suffrage
• Educational journals organizations
• People involved
• Horace Mann Sec. of Board of Ed. in Mass.
• helped begin educational awakening in US
• helped establish common schools in Mass
• est. 1st professional journal for educ.
• Henry Barnard 1st US Comm. Of Ed.
• founded the American Journal of Ed.
• supporter of elem. ed. for all children

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Development of Universal Elementary Education

• Early schools focused on religion (until late
  1800s)
• Became more secular as states passed compulsory
  ed. laws
• Harsh discipline
• Formal impersonal
• Teachers generally poorly prepared
• Basic curriculum reading, writing, arithmetic
• Lancasterian (monitor) schools
• used in many places
• large no. of students taught at same time by one
  teacher
• more advanced students taught others
• relied on rote memorization
• popularity ended in mid-1800

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EVOLUTION OF TEACHING MATERIALS

• Hornbook most common device in colonial schools
• New England Primer
• Used as early as 1690
• Basic reading skills with heavy religious motive
• Blue Backed Speller
• used as early as 1800
• Spelling, reading, speaking, and moral advice
• Slates used from 1820-1900 mini chalkboard
• McGuffeys reader graded reading books used
  until 1900 also taught morals
• Pestalozzi, Dewey, and others influenced the
  development of better teaching materials

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EDUCATION FOR FEMALES

• Limited availability in colonial period
• Catherine Beecher was an early advocate of
  womens education
• 1821 Joseph Emerson and Emma Willard opened
  seminaries for women
• Age of academies (mid 1800s) opened up more
  opportunities for women
• Mount Holyoke established by Mary Lyon (a
  student of Emerson)
• Womens rights movement began in the mid 1800s
  led to the 19th amend.

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EDUCATION FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS

• 1619 1st slaves to colonies
• Churches led way in educating slaves and freedmen
• 1704 school opened in NY city
• Southern states made it illegal to educate slaves
  fear of uprisings
• Benjamin Banneker inventor educated in MD
• Frederick Douglass escaped from slavery
  advocated vocational ed.
• Prudence Crandall admitted a black girl to her
  boarding school in Conn. was arrested
• Early colleges
• 1854 Lincoln University (PA)
• 1856 Wilberforce (OH)
• 1867 Howard (Wash DC)
• 1866 Fisk (TN)
• Some colleges admitted black students (Harvard)

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WASHINGTON DUBOISDEBATE

• Booker T. Washington
• Founded Tuskegee Institute in 1880 (AL)
• Felt former slaves needed training so they could
  get jobs
• Tuskegee provided basic education industrial
  training (students built buildings did work)

• W.E.B. DuBois
• Harvard educated - raised in Massachusetts
• Felt African-Amer. should get the highest educ.
  possible then go back and teach others
• Presented the idea of the Talented Tenth

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MORE STUDENTS LED TO MORE SCHOOLS

• Population growth and higher percentage of popul.
  attending school leads to need for more schools
• Curriculum broadened to meet needs of wider
  variety of students
• Consolidation of schools
• one-room schools eliminated
• more programs available
• led to growth of busing
• increased school budgets

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CHANGES IN TEACHER TRAINING

• Colonial Teachers
• little education or training
• poorly paid - some were indentured servants or
  apprentices
• Normal schools
• 2 year program
• did not require high school degree
• sometimes had model schools for practice teaching
• State Teachers Colleges
• were normal schools
• 4 year program
• growth of high school led to need for more
  teachers

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CHANGES IN TEACHER TRAINING

• Growth of Academies in 1850s led to better educ.
  for teachers
• Teacher training programs began in the late 19th
  c.
• Universities began to offer teacher ed. in 1900
• 1950s - state teachers colleges became state
  colleges
• 1960s - state colleges became universities

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SCHOOL REFORMS

• 1892 - Committee of Ten (NEA)
• sorted out academies and colleges
• started accreditation program
• created the Carnegie Unit and the basic high
  school curriculum
• 1918 - Seven Cardinal Principles (NEA) - every
  student shoud receive and education in seven main
  areas
• 1940s - US at war - govt set up programs to
  train workers
• Cold War - Russia launched Sputnik - led to US
  National Defense Education Act (1958) - greater
  emphasis on math and science in school curriculum
• War on Poverty in the 1960s - Vocational
  Education Act, Head Start, National Teacher Corps
• Civil Rights Movement led to push for equal
  treatment for students
• 1954 - Brown v. Board of Education
• 1965 - Elementary and Secondary Education Act
• 1972 - Title IX