By: Tanvi R. and Mercedes S.

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Urbanization

• By Tanvi R. and Mercedes S.

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Urbanization

• Definition Growth and diffusion of city
  landscapes and urban lifestyle
• Most MDCs are urbanized and a
• lot of LDCs are starting too.

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MSA

• Metropolitan Statistical Areas
• An MSA is an urbanized region with a minimum of
  50,000 people in it
• Often MSA boundaries overlap
• Ex. The North Carolina Triangle

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Rate and Level of Urbanization

• Rate of urbanization
• Definition
• Speed at which the population is becoming urban
• Level of urbanization
• Definition
• Is the percent of people already considered urban

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The beginning of Urbanization

• Qualities of Urban Hearths
• A dependable water supply
• a long growing season
• domesticated plants and animals
• plenty of building materials
• system of writing records
• Earliest urban hearths existed in
• Mesopotamia
• Indus River
• Nile Valley
• China
• Mexico, Peru

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Pre-Industrial Cities

• Pre-industrial cities Those that are developed
  prior to industrialization and shared several
  characteristics
• Pre-industrial colonial cities Cities built and
  developed by colonizers in conquered lands
• Economic Structure of Pre-Industrial Cities
• Often had a diverse mix of economic functions in
  any given space
• Shops, markets, homes, and government often
  jumbled together in urban space

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Key terms

• Squatter-Settlements - makeshift, un-safe housing
  constructed from any scraps they find on the land
  they neither rent nor own
• Mega City Has a population over 10 million
• Strained Infrastructure - Urbanization in LDCs is
  often focused on one or two major cities rather
  than being spread out throughout the country
• World Cities Powerful cities that control a
  disproportionately high level of the worlds
  economic, political, and cultural activities
• Shock Cities - Urban places experiencing
  infrastructural challenges related to massive and
  rapid urbanization

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Central Place Theory

• Walter Christallers theory
• Specifically looking to explain and predict the
  pattern of urban places across the map
• Model predicted hexagonal pattern of urban,
  central places
• Focused on Range and Threshold
• Range is the farthest distance people are
  willing to travel for a good/service
• Threshold is the minimum
• people need to support a business.

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Central Business District

• The Central Business District - original core of
  a citys economy, like a nucleus of a cell
• High land costs
• Intensive land use

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Concentric Zone Model

• 1st model to explain and predict urban growth
• The five rings
• 1- CBD
• 2- Zone of transition
• 3- Zone of working-class homes
• 4- Zone of better residences
• 5- Commuter Zones
• Assumed that new arrivals would settle in the
  city and as time went one they would move to the
  outer rings.

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Bid-Rent Model

• predicts the land prices and population
• density decline as distance from the CBD
• increases

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Sector Land Use Model

• Thought that urban land-use zones of growth were
  based on transportation routes and linear
  features
• Certain areas of the city are
• more attractive than others

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Multiple-Nuclei Land Use Model

• Suggested that growth occurred separately around
  different major focal points
• Ex airports, universities,
• highway interchanges, ports
• Some activities are attracted to
• particular nodes, whereas other try
• to avoid them

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Urban Realms Model

• This grew from the multiple-nuclei model
• Said that nuclei are not just focal
• points but they are growing into
• urban realms

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European Cities

• European cities are the opposite of American
  cities
• In European cities, the rich live in the city and
  the lower-class live out in the suburbs
• In American cities, the rich live in the suburbs
  and they lower-class lived in the city

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Inner-City Trends

• The inner-city consists of a lot of lower-income
  families.
• Physical issues deterioration
• Social issues homelessness, poverty, drug
  abuse, crime and disease

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More Key Terms

• Ghettoization - Refers to the growth of areas of
  concentrated poverty
• Blockbusting - When real estate agents and
  developers bringing in a minority family into a
  predominately white neighborhood to make more
  money
• Redlining - Banks refusing loans in central
  neighborhoods that were red-lined
• Gentrification - Process by which middle-class
  people move into deteriorated inner-city
  neighborhoods and renovate housing
• Renovated housing - Some non-profit organizations
  renovate low-income housing and sell or rent to
  low-income people
• Annexation - Process of legally adding land area
  to a city
• Counter urbanization When people move from the
  city into the suburbs