History 230M

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History 230-M
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News of the South
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Chile

• Bernardo OHiggins
• Conqueror of Santiago
• Only ruled from1818 1823
• Rigged the constitutional congress he promised

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Diego Portales

• Classic caudillo
• Controlled from behind the scenes
• Situation where landowners content to have others
  in control

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Portales

• General Joaquín Prieto was president in the
  1830s
  
• Constitution of 1833 (in force until 1925)
• Centralized government
• State Church
• Presidential power

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Economics

• Followed the export import pattern
• Nitrates
• Growth in 19th century
• Led to war with Bolivia and Peru
• http//www.rtpnet.org/felipe/Documentos/carta.htm
  
  
• Dropped when synthetic nitrates were developed

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Mining and Labor

• Copper mining was crucial to economy
• Dominated by U. S. and British companies
• Labor movement native more able to become part
  of the political process

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Stability

• Conflict between Liberals and Conservatives won
  by Conservatives Legacy of Portales
  
• Oligarchy of landowners with blood ties to the
  merchants
  
• Less city-rural conflict
• Population less polarized

• Strong economy
• Copper and Nitrates
• Wheat to California Australia
• Education
• Manuel Montt Minister of Justice and
  Instruction
  
• President after a 1848 revolution
• Enlightened conservatism

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Brazil
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Brazil

• 1808 Napoleon takes over Portugal
• Dom João VI royal authority
• Maria I was queen. She was quite mad
• Royal family and over 1,000 nobles and officials

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New Empire

• Dom João Charlota Joaquina
• Larger and more prosperous than Portugal
• Still included rich colonies in Africa Asia

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Britain

• Sailed on British ships
• Opened ports to Britain
• Lower tariffs than Portugal
• British citizens tried by British Courts
• Agreement to move to halt slave trade

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Early Strife

• Mild compared to others
• Co-Empire with Portugal - 1816
• Didnt recognize nascent nationalism
• Some republican strife centered in Bahia
• Portugal weak link

• Population
• .5 mil. Indians
• 1 mil. Slaves
• 1.5 mil. Mixed
• .5 1 mil. White

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Politics

• No split over form of republic ala Argentina
• No dominant military (Bolivar or San Martin)
• 1824 Constitutional Monarchy
• Poder moderador
• Veto
• Send Parliament home

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Dom João

• Portugal restless without king
• British general vitual viceroy
• Military establish republic
• Cortes of 200 members only 70 from Brazil
• King João returns and abdicates crown in
  co-empire Brazil

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Pedro I

• 1824 Portugal King João consolidates rule
• Calls Brazil back into the fold
• Brazilian nationalism
• Brits negotiate independence
• Loss of popularity
• The British and pressure to halt slave trade
• Short tempered
• Europe Revolts in France

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Pedro 1

• Similar trend of turning on heros
• Had been popular monarch
• Blamed for death of wife Leopoldine (Hapsburg)

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Dom Pedro II

• Regent at age 5
• Interegnum 1831-1840
• Liberal-Conservative battles
• 3 person regency
• Eventually Pedro II takes reigns at 18
• Strong support for monarchy

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Pedro II

• Brazilian born
• Intellectually humble but well-educated
• Wrote verse
• Scientific experiments
• Studied 14 languages

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Pedro II

• Adept at playing off liberals and conservatives
• For the most part the liberals are really
  conservative
  
• Some provincial liberal revolts
• Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo, Northeast
• 1840-1848 consolidates power which leads to 40
  years of stability

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Carlota Lucia de Brito

• How does she represent 19th century Brazil
• What are the issues here?
• Who are involved?
• What are the politics?
• What does it say about society?

Trajano Chacon
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Political Support

• Rural aristocracy Sugar planters, Northeast
• Nurtured new aristocracy Cotton and coffee in
  the south
  
• Encouraged investors, bankers, merchants, and
  industrialists
  
• Used power to appoint

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Enlightened Despotism

• Supported North in Civil War
• Still had slavery
• Southern competition?
• Slave trade continued despite promises to Brits
• 1850 ended slave trade

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Slavery

• Slow and gradual evolution.
• British pressure
• Early got pledge to end trade
• Competition?
• 1845 began to intercept ships
• 1850 finally ended trade
• Pedro II worked at it gradually

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Rio Branco Law

• All newborns free
• Owners had labor until 21
• 1/3 of population slaves
• Then 1885 second law all 60 are freed with no
  compensation
  
• Finally May 13, 1888 Golden Law
• All slaves free
• How did this come about?

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Slavery

• New industrialism not suited to slavery
• Slavery tied laborers to land
• New immigrants courted
• Abolitionists
• Urban based
• Military officers
• Railway managers

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Santos

• City dwellers had been harboring slaves
• Provincial government sent trainload of soldiers
  to capture slaves
  
• Women surround the train and jam the doors shut
• Railway superintendent convinced military to
  return to capital

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Economics

• End of slave trade had cut slave population to 7
  (1860 US 13)
  
• Shift of production from sugar, Northeast, to
  coffee south new landed power, more
  entrepreneurial.
  
• Rise of cities new middle class

• Coffee
• Demand from industrial world
• Ease of transport
• Trade fostered cities
• New attitude of Progress
• Social mobility
• Individualism
• Profit motive even in landowners

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Vocabulary
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History 230-M