KINE 3490 Class 7 Olympics

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KINE 3490 Class 7Olympics Major Games

• Hosting Pros and Cons

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This week

• Announcement Policy Alternatives
• Politics and Policy Issues A Games Perspective
  Pros and cons of hosting?
• Reading Hums MacLean (Ch. 9 10) Fed.
  Policy for Hosting

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Where does hosting fit in the Policy Development
Cycle?
CONTEXT STRATEGY
EVALUATION
DEFINE ISSUE
DECISION IMPLEMENTATION
ANALYSIS OPTIONS
CONSULTATION
Just kidding
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Major Games in Amateur Sport

• Olympic Games
• Paralympics
• Pan American Games
• Commonwealth Games
• World University Games
• World Games for the Deaf
• Special Olympics World Games
• Others? List!

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Olympic History

• The first Olympic Games were held in 776 BC by
  Greeksevery 4 years
• Others Pythian Games, Nemean Games
• Chariot racing, boxing, wrestling, footraces,
  discus, archery
• Sport was part of religious festivals played to
  honour gods
• Wars stopped to allow for games
• Games were abolished in AD 393

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Ancient OlympicsCommercial or holy?

• While fundamentally to honour the gods
• Winning athletes were set for life- statues,
  free meals
• Bribery of judges, and of athlete to switch
  allegiances and nationalities
• Battle over right to host between Elis and Pisa
  in 364 BC- a war at the Games

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Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937)

• Baron Pierre de Coubertin relaunched the Olympics
  in 1896
• Motives patriotic/military post Franco-Prussian
  War (1870-71)
• The important thing in life is not the triumph
  but the struggle, the essential thing is not to
  have conquered but to have fought well.

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The Olympic Movement

• The Festival of the Olympiad was reinstituted in
  1896 (Athens)
• 245 male athletes from 13 nations

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The IOC

• IOC founded in June 1894 to govern Olympic
  organization and policy
• Nonprofit organization independent of any
  government or nationality
• Revenue in the billions
• IOC receives revenues from rights to the Olympic
  games, associated marks and terminology
• Comprised of 115 members
• Jacques Rogge current President

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IOC Mandate

• To encourage sport development, coordination and
  collaborationto place sport at the service of
  humanity
• To ensure Olympic games held
• To promote peace, sport ethics, fair play,
  concern for the environment and sport for all
• To fight discrimination, violence,
  dopingaffecting health of athletes

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The political agenda
"War is not a mere act of policy but a true
political instrument, a continuation of political
activity by other means." - von Clauswitz Sport
too?
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The political agenda 1930s- 80s
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The boycott years

• Melbourne, 1956 7 nations, over Hungary, Suez
  and Taiwan
• Montreal, 1976 20 African nations over New
  Zealands rugby team in South Africa
• Moscow, 1980 60 Western nations over USSRs
  invasion of Afghanistan
• Los Angeles, 1984 17 East Bloc nationsas
  revenge for 1980

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The commercial agenda1980s to today
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Olympic Marketing (US)
Source IOC Marketing Factbook 2008
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What do Olympics cost to host?

• There is no one, simple answer to this
  apparently simple question. Australia
  Auditor-Generals Report to Parliament 2002
• Estimated Sydney 2000 costs
• Venue and facilities - 3.025 B AUS
• Operations - 3.46 B AUS
• Athens12 B USD
• Beijing? Facilities and operations cost about
  6.2 B USD according to government
• But total spend including infrastructure 42 B
  USD!

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The hosting agenda

• Sports economist Holger Preuss states that every
• modern Olympic Games, or mega-sporting event, has
  
• had a non-sporting agenda, including
• putting the country 'on the map'
• showcasing the region
• promoting the political system
• creating new trading partners
• attracting investment
• boosting tourism
• creating jobs and business opportunities
• urban renewal, including housing and
  infrastructure
• building a legacy of sports infrastructure.

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What do Olympics cost to host?

• To date there has not been a study of an
  Olympics or other large-scale sporting event that
  has found empirical evidence of significant
  economic impacts such as increases in household
  income...(and) it is unlikely that anyone ever
  will. -J. Owen 05

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Whats a legacy?

• Sport facilities
• Urban infrastructure e.g transportation upgrades
• Surplus funds in trust e.g Calgary 88
• Human legacy trained volunteers
• Goodwill, civic pride, other intangibles

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2010 legacy includes

• Sea to Sky highway
• Urban infrastructure e.g transportation upgrades
• Tourism development projects
• First Nations development projects
• Legacies Now sport development projects

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Govt of Canada spending

• 655 M including
• 290 M for infrastructure (sport venues)
• 20 M for Paralympic Games operations
• 55 M Legacy Endowment Fund
• 90 M for tourism and celebrations (e.g. Opening
  Ceremonies)
• 37 M for First Nations
• 128 M for Operations, including security
• 35 M for Secretariat support
• Source www.canada2010.gc.ca

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Olympic Policy Issues

• Performance Enhancement Doping Control through
  Drug Testing
• 1968 beginning of drug testing for athletes
• World Anti Doping Agency formed 1999
• Mandate communicate, define, test, sanction

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Olympic Policy Issues

• Choosing a Host City
• Policy to guide bid selection process
• Policy to address behaviour of IOC members re
  bid cities
• IOC Ethics Commission created

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Olympic Policy Issues

• Corporate Sponsorship
• IOC has policy to define who has the right to
  market and sell which sponsorships
• Added clause giving veto power over sponsors
  marketing plans
• Host city must not have over-reliance on
  commercial sponsorship

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Olympic Policy Issues

• Television Rights
• IOC retains the right to negotiate television
  contract and shares revenues among the NSOs,
  OGOCs and ISFs

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Olympic Policy Issues

• New Olympic Sports
• How many sports should the Olympics include?
• IOC has policy to define exactly which sports
  will compete and how to add new sports
• 3 categories active, recognized, past

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Olympic Policy Issues

• Security
• Major issue
• IOC, NSO and OCOG all have security policies in
  place
• Olympic Village accreditation
• 2010 security expected to cost about 1 B

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Olympic Policy Issues

• Image and Politics
• IOC has taken great pains to maintain image of
  excellence and ethical behaviour role in world
  peace.
• However, viewed by some as a closed shop
• Politics are unavoidablegovernments use Olympics
  to send messages via boycotts, etc.

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Canadian Olympic Committee

• Organizes Canadas teams to Olympics Pan-Am
  Games
• Does not manage Games
• Major funder of Canadian NSOs 27 M from
  2005-08
• Podium Canada partner
• Athlete Excellence Fund up to 20K per gold medal

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COC Role

• COC is responsible for all aspects of
• involvement in the Olympic Movement
• Participation in Olympic and Pan American Games
• Managing a variety of cultural and educational
  programs promoting Olympic values
• Grass roots programming to promote Olympic values
• Selecting and supporting Canadian cities to bid
  to host games

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COC Mission and Goals

• The Canadian Olympic Committee is dedicated to
  developing and advancing sport and the Olympic
  Movement for all Canadians from
  coast-to-coast-to-coast
• Top 3 in 2006 (Turin)
• Top 16 in 2008 (Beijing)
• First in 2010 (Vancouver)
• Top 12 in 2012 (London)

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Canadian Olympic Committee Vision

• Canadas Winter Olympic Team in 2010 being 1st in
  the World
• Canadas Olympic Team in 2012 being among the Top
  12 Nations
• Canada is a country where sport is central to its
  culture as evidenced by an active and healthy
  population participating at all levels in all
  communities
• Olympic values, drug free participation and
  ethical behaviour guide our athletes and Canadian
  youth

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The Canada Games

• A dream since 1924
• First held in 1967, Quebec City
• Alternating Winter/Summer on 4 yr cycles
• About 40 sports winter summer
• 50,000 athletes, 80,000 volunteers
• 230M spent since 67
• About half on facilities

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Canada Games Mission, Vision

• The Canada Games Council works in partnership
  with governments, the private sector and the
  sport community to enrich the lives of young
  athletes through the Canada Games Movement.
• The Games - A Sporting Icon
• Every young athlete dreams of competing
• Every sport strives for inclusion
• Every community hopes to host
• Every province and territory participates
• The path to international excellence is through
  the Canada Games
• Our Movement Connects Partners Strengthens
  Sport Develops Communities Builds our Nation

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Canada Games legacy
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Canada Games Outreach

• Dreams and Champions program
• Athlete development trust fund
• Canada Games Days

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Whats the Canada Games for?

• Develop the next generation of National Team
  athletes?
• Building community infrastructure?
• Canadian unity?
• Governance structure P/T reps on CG
  Council and F/P/T funding model strongly
  influences CG policy direction

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CG Policy Issues

• Sport selection cost vs facilities available
• Eligibility the missing generation and role
  in athlete development
• Alignment with Provincial Games
• National rotation and benefits to host community-
  host selection

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A missing generation

• Only 38 of carded athletes have attended the
  Games
• Those who dont go
• 20 due to ability restrictions
• 20 due to age eligibility restriction (missing
  generation)
• 20 due to diverse reasons, ie
• Didnt want to go
• P/T quota too small
• Conflicts with NCAA, etc
• Immigration issues

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Experienced enough?
Gendron and Hodgins, 2003
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Canada Games- Eligibility Ages aligned 3 years
before High Perf?
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Sowhy host major Games?

• Economic benefit?
• Legacy?
• Sport facilities?
• Municipal infrastructure?
• National/regional promotion?
• National/regional pride?

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Whats the role of Federal Hosting Policy?

• Is it generative pro-active or is it fix-it
  and reactive?
• Is it effective?
• What are the benefits of having the Hosting
  Policy?
• Would it have any effect on a future Games bid
  (Pan-Am, Commonwealth)?

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Next week

• Test 2 hours (230 430) for sure!