Cold War

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Cold War

• Democratic Capitalism
• vs.
• Totalitarian Communism

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Yalta Conference

• Feb. 1945
• Big Three (Churchill, FDR, Stalin)
• Agreement for WWII peace treaty
• Divide Germany into zones of occupation
• Germany to pay USSR reparations
• Eastern European countries would have free
  elections Stalin did not want this but
  Churchill FDR out-voted him
• Stalin agreed to help US in Pacific

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Creation of United Nations

• June 1945
• US, USSR 48 other nations
• international organization
• protect countries against aggression
• General Assembly each nation sends 1
  representative to cast votes on issues
• Security Council 11 members has real power to
  investigate issues settle disputes
• 5 permanent members GB/China/France/US/USSR

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Potsdam Conference

• Truman finds out about successful testing of
  Atomic bomb in NM
• Nuclear warfare ends war in Pacific
• Hiroshima Nagasaki
• Truman teases Stalin with news of a secret new
  weapon hostility between US USSR increases
• Different visions of the post-war world
• Nuclear arms race begins

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Cold War facts

• Lasted from 1945-1991
• Leaders USA vs. USSR
• conflict involved the whole world
• First battle of Cold War Europe
• USSR set up satellite (puppet) gvts
• -Albania - Poland
• -Bulgaria - Yugoslavia
• - Hungary - Romania
• - Czechoslovakia

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Soviet sphere of influence

• Eastern Europe
• No free elections held
• Dividing line Germany
• East Germany USSR
• West Germany US/GB/France
• Iron Curtain by Winston Churchill
• Imaginary wall dividing Eastern Europe
  (communist) from Western Europe (capitalist)
• Tired of USSR being invaded from Eastern Europe
• Wanted Soviet communism to influence rest of world

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The Iron Curtain
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Why was the USSR determined to control Eastern
Europe?

• Tired of Russia being invaded through Eastern
  Europe
• Stalin wanted a buffer zone
• Payback for WWII
• Wanted Soviet influence in world
• Some people embraced communism
• Desperate for essentials of life
• Scared of the far right (fascism)
• Communist govts made promises of better
  lifestyles

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US policies during Cold War

• Containment
• Trumans policy of blocking Soviet influence to
  prevent spread of communism
• Create alliances to help weak countries fight off
  Soviet influence
• Truman Doctrine
• Foreign aid () for countries that rejected
  communism
• Controversial US aid to dictators? US not
  financially prepared to bankroll a global crusade
  against Communism, US should remain isolationist
• Marshall Plan - to Western Europe

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Marshall plan

• Rebuild Western Europe after WWII
• 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall
• 12.5 billion in US aid to any country that
  needed it
• Food, machines, raw materials, etc
• Congress approved the Marshall Plan immediately
  after Stalin took control of Czechoslovakia
  USSR was denied aid
• Later, countries following USSR were denied
  Marshall plan aid
• Political economic reasons for aid

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Berlin

• West Berlin democratic
• East Berlin - Soviet
• 1948 Stalin decided to cut off all trains
  supplying West Berlin
• President Harry Truman refused to let the Soviets
  take control of West Berlin

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Berlin Airlift

• 462 days - 5,000 tons per day
• 2.5 million tons of supplies food, clothing,
  fuel
• Major aviation political achievement
• Successful W. Berlin remained free of Soviet
  control

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Berlin Wall

• Constructed by
• East Germany after
• failure to cut off W.
• Berlin

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Berlin Wall

• A long barrier between W Berlin E Germany
• Closed the border between East and West Berlin
  for a period of 28 years
• Built to stop the drain of labor and economic
  output associated with the daily migration of
  huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers
  from East to West Berlin
• It effectively decreased emigration (escapes -
  "Republikflucht" in German) from 2.5 million
  between 1949 and 1962 to 5,000 between 1962 and
  1989.

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Beginning conflicts of Cold War

• Diplomatic hostility
• Spying, propaganda, secrecy
• Rival Alliance system
• NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
• 10 Western European nations/US/Canada
• Each nation agreed to help the other nations if
  any were attacked by USSR
• Warsaw Pact
• USSR viewed NATO as a threat
• Developed its own alliance USSR, E Germany,
  Poland, Czech, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania

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The Nuclear Threat

• US already had atomic weapons
• 1949 Soviets tested their 1st bomb
• 1952 - US then developed an even deadlier atomic
  bomb the Hydrogen bomb
• 1953 USSR develops H-bomb
• 1953 Dwight D Eisenhower elected US president

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brinkmanship

• US anti-communism policy US was willing to go
  to the brink of war to defend against spread of
  communism
• The Nuclear Race
• The Space Race
• Led by Soviets
• 1957 Soviets developed a rocket that could travel
  long distance
• Intercontinental ballistic missile ICBM
• Used powerful missile to propel a satellite into
  space

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THINK PAIR SHARE

• Think about the three US policies in regard to
  communism
• Containment
• Truman Doctrine
• Marshall Plan
• Think about one of the above policies and share
  with a partner what you know

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Sputnik

• Soviet satellite launched 1957
• US felt like it had fallen behind the Communists
• Result - more federal money spent on education,
  esp. science, math, foreign languages
• Jan. 1958 US launched its 1st satellite

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Launching of Sputnik I
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open skies Policy

• Pres. Eisenhower declared policy to allow US
  USSR to fly over each others territory to gather
  info prevent surprise nuclear attacks
• USSR rejected policy
• CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) authorized
  secret high-altitude spy flights over USSR in U-2s

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U-2 incident

• May 1960 U-2 plane shot down by Soviets
• pilot captured
• 19 months in Soviet prison

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President Eisenhower 1953

• Every gun that is made, every warship launched,
  every rocket fired signifies in the final sense,
  a theft from those who hunger and are not fed,
  those who are cold and are not clothed.The cost
  of one modern heavy bomber is this a modern
  brick school in more than 30 cities.

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Give One Get Two

• Think about the following Cold War incidents
  write everything you know
• Containment Brinkmanship
• Marshall Plan
• the Space Race
• Sputnik I
• the U-2 incident
• SHARE with 2 partner what you know about one of
  these

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The Peoples Republic of China

• Maos army guerrilla warfare
• Peasant army inspired to fight for land
• Oct 1949 Mao gained control of China
• Declared the Peoples Republic of China
• Chiang Nationalists retreated to island of
  Taiwan

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Chiang and Mao
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• US becomes even more anti-communist after Maos
  victory in China
• China USSR sign friendship treaty in 1950
• Rise in feelings that communism was trying to
  take over the world

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China expands

• Mao sends Red Army to take control of Mongolia,
  Tibet
• Maos goals
• Rebuild China into a great nation after Western
  imperialism (Opium War) and Japanese occupation
  since 1931
• Revamp economy
• Redistribute land to peasants
• Seized land from wealthy landowners those who
  resisted were killed (1 million)

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Collectivization

• Mao forced peasant farmers to join collective
  farms
• Industry nationalized (state ownership)
• 1953 5-year plan
• High targets for industrial production
• Successful
• 1957 output of coal, cement, electricity had
  doubled steel quadrupled

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Women in Communist China

• Gained equality in the home workplace men
  expected to do half the work at home
• Free state child care for all families

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Great Leap Forward - 1958

• Larger collective farms
• 25,000 people in each
• Strictly controlled community work in shifts
• Ate in communal dining halls
• Slept in communal dormitories
• Children raised in communal nurseries
• Owned nothing no incentive to work hard since
  state only profited

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Great Leap Forward - FAILS

• Crop failures between 1958-61 famine killed 20
  million
• Poor planning
• Inefficient factories
• Program was discontinued
• in 1961

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THINK PAIR SHARE

• Think about the following developments in China
  after WWII
• Collectivization
• Great Leap Forward
• Women in Communist China
• Share with a partner what you know about one of
  the above

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China USSR split

• Competition to be world leader in Communism
• Shared long border - many territorial disputes
• 1960 Soviets halted aid to China
• Mao allowed other leaders to take charge
• farm families allowed to live in separate housing
  sell individual crops grown
• Factory workers could compete for wage increases
  bonuses

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Maos Cultural Revolution

• Mao disagreed with new economic policies
  undermined social equality among all Chinese
  people
• Mao rallied high school and college students to
  start a new revolution Cultural Revolution
  change four olds
• Old ideology Old thought
• Old habits old customs
• Students forced to leave school and join militias
  Red Guards carry out revolution in the
  cities country side

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Equality vs. Sameness

• US belief equal value of all human beings
  equal rights opportunities
• Cultural Revolution belief everyone became
  equal by doing the same thing, having the same
  things, etc. Individual humans do not matter
  instead the good of the community is most
  important.

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China The West pg. 551

• Mao died 1976
• Zhou Enlai premiere who tried to calm down the
  Cultural Revolution
• 1971 ping-pong diplomacy Zhou invited US
  table tennis team to compete in China
• 1971 US allowed Peoples Republic of China to
  join the United Nations
• 1972 President Nixon became 1st US President to
  visit China

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1980s - Deng Xiaoping

• Survivor of Long March
• Also wanted to reform economy
• Four Modernizations agriculture, science,
  defense technology
• Collective farms were broken up individual
  farmers were allowed to lease land - of crop
  went to govt remainder was sold for profit
• Small businesses also allowed to operate

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Result of reforms

• Incomes increased
• Chinese began buying consumer products TVs,
  stereos, etc
• Chinese youth bought Levi jeans and starting
  listening to Western music
• Hotels opened and foreigners were invited to
  vacation in China

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Consequences of Reforms

• Communist party officials also profited from
  economic reforms
• Gap between rich poor grew
• Lots of bribery corruption of govt leaders
• Chinese students attended college in Europe or US
• Chinese HS college students began to protest
  the lack of freedoms in China

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Tiananmen Square protests of 1989

• A series of demonstrations over 2 weeks -
  students, intellectuals and labor activists
• Demonstrators - govt corrupt repressive
• Urban workers - economic reforms unsuccessful -
  inflation widespread unemployment
• Large scale protests also occurred in cities
  throughout China, such as in Shanghai.
• In Beijing, govt cracked down on the protestors
  army tanks moved into the Square
• 2,000 - 3,000 civilians killed

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Protesters chanted Down with corruption! Down
with dictatorship! Long live democracy!

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China Today

• Totalitarian government with some aspects of
  Communism, but an increasingly capitalistic
  economy
• Citizens do not have basic rights pro democracy
  groups are routinely arrested, tortured,
  imprisoned
• Weapons produced and sold to many developing
  nations
• Nuclear power most likely sold nuclear
  technology to Pakistan
• 2000 US Congress voted to normalize trade with
  China

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THINK PAIR SHAREGIVE ONE, GET ONE

• Think about the following developments in China
  during Cold War
• Great Leap Forward
• Collectivization
• Split with USSR
• Cultural Revolution
• Share with a partner what you know about one of
  the above

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Korean War

• After WWII, Korea divided into 2 nations
• 38th parallel
• North Korea Communist
• South Korea non-communist
• 1949 US USSR troops out of Koreas
• USSR thought US would not try to defend South
  Korea
• USSR sent , arms, tanks, etc to North Korea so
  they could capture S.K.

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• June 25, 1950 North Korean troops crossed 38th
  parallel surprise attack on South Korea
• US policy of CONTAINMENT
• SK asked United Nations for assistance
• UN agreed to send a coalition of troops under
  leadership of Douglas MacArthur
• 15 nations sent soldiers most were US

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• Sept 1950, MacArthur launched surprise attack
• By Nov UN troops pushed North Koreans up to
  Yalu River border w/China MacArthur wanted to
  invade China Truman said NO!
• China sent 300,000 troops to help NK
• Chinese troops pushed US troops out of North
  Korea pushed south to capture capital of SK -
  Seoul

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End of the Korean War

• 2 more years of fighting to drive Chinese NK
  back up to 38th Parallel
• Cease fire agreement July 1953
• 3 years of fighting 5 million deaths
• Border had not changed significantly

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Legacy of Korean War

• 54,000 Americans dead
• 1.4 million Chinese Korean soldiers
• 2 million civilians dead
• North Korea
• Kim Il Sung dictator
• Collective farms, heavy
• industry
• Kim Jong Il (son) 1994
• Developed nuclear weapons
• Shortages of food energy

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THINK PAIR SHAREGIVE ONE, GET ONE

• Think about the Korean War and share with a
  partner one of the following
• 38th parallel
• General MacArthur
• Yalu River and Chinese intervention
• Cease fire agreement

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South Korea

• Massive aid from US
• Stable economy

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Cuban Revolution

• 1952 Former president Batista, supported by the
  army, seizes power.
• November - Batista dissolves parliament and is
  elected constitutional president without
  opposition.
• 1955 Fidel and Raúl Castro are introduced to Che
  Guevara in Mexico City.
• Nov 1956 Fidel, Raúl Che Guevara set sail for
  Cuba.

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26th of July guerrilla army
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1958

• March 13 - U.S. suspends shipments of arms to
  Batista's forces.
• A general strike, organized by the 26th of July
  movement, is partially observed.
• Batista sends an army of 10,000 to destroy
  Castro's 300 armed guerrillas.
• Castro defeated the army captured a huge amount
  of arms.

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Fidel Castro Che Guevara
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1959

• Jan. 1 President Batista resigns and flees the
  country. Fidel Castro enters capital - Santiago
  de Cuba.
• Guevara his army arrive in Havana.
• Jan. 5 Manuel Urrutia named President of Cuba
• Feb. 16 Castro becomes Premier of Cuba - declares
  Cuba Communist

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Castro in power
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Think Pair Share - Write

• You are a presidential advisor and there is now a
  Communist govt 90 miles off the coast of Florida.
• What steps do you advise the President of the US
  to take in regard to this new threat.
• Give at least 2 ideas for how to deal with this
  problem.

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Cuban alliance with USSR

• US EXTREMELY unnerved to have a Communist ally
  only 90 miles from the tip of Florida
• U.S. imposed a complete diplomatic and commercial
  embargo on Cuba.
• U.S. influence in Latin America was strong enough
  to make the embargo very effective and Cuba was
  forced to direct virtually all its trade to the
  Soviet Union and its allies.
• Numerous assassination attempts by CIA

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Bay of Pigs Invasion

• April 1961
• CIA Cuban exiles invade Cuba and attempt to
  overthrow Castros govt
• Plan of Eisenhowers govt JFK inherits plan
  which called for illegal US Air Force bombing to
  support the invasion
• Failure JFK refuses to send US Air Force
• Castros response? Help from USSR

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Cuban Missile Crisis

• To protect Cuba from US, USSR sends intermediate
  range ballistic missiles
• U-2 spy planes see missiles
• JFK ordered Naval blockade around Cuba -
  threatened the Soviet Union with nuclear war
  unless the missiles were withdrawn.
• Soviet naval vessel sailing for Cuba blockade
• Finally Khrushchev backed down compromise w/
  JFK missiles out of Turkey.

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Map of the crisis
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The missiles on Cuba from U-2 photos JFK
announcing the crisis to the world
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Foreign wars economy

• 1970s, Castro became leading spokesperson for
  Third World anti-imperialist governments.
• Military assistance to pro-Soviet forces in
  Angola, Ethiopia, Yemen and other African and
  Middle Eastern countries
• Economy - dependent on sugar exports.
• -Soviets forced to prop up Cuban economy by
  buying the entire Cuban sugar crop
• Cuba exchanged sugar for fuel, since it could not
  import oil from any other source.

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Human Rights in Cuba

• Cuban government has been accused of numerous
  human rights abuses, including torture, arbitrary
  imprisonment, unfair trials, extra-judicial
  executions.
• No freedom of press, assembly, speech, etc.
• One party system (totalitarian)
• Groups like Amnesty International and Human
  Rights Watch have issued reports on Cuban
  imprisonments.
• The Cuban government denies the International Red
  Cross access to its prisons and many human rights
  groups including Amnesty International are denied
  entry to Cuba.

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Other Cold War events

• Soviet Invasion of Hungary
• 1956 Hungarian citizens rioted against Communist
  govt demanding more rights
• Threatened to return to parliamentary democracy
• Khrushchev sent in Red Army rounded up
  protestors executed leaders
• Hungarians pleaded with US for help
• Pres. Eisenhower could not send troops
• Hungarian uprising brutally crushed return of
  hard-line communist rule

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Communist rebellions in Greece Turkey
Czechoslovakia

• 1947 Truman Doctrine allowed US to send 400
  million in military aid to Greece Turkey to
  help them defeat Communist parties
• 1968 Czechoslovakia rebelled against Communist
  rule from USSR demanded more freedoms Red
  Army sent in to end the protest