Recreating America

1
Recreating America

• Chapter 6

2
Patriots Position

• Advantages
• Ships
• Population increase
• Loyal to ideas not money
• Allies supplies
• Dispersed society
• Guns
• Home territory

• Disadvantages
• Small army
• Militias
• Poor ammunition
• Poor sanitation
• Poor discipline
• Loyalists

3
British Position

• Advantages
• Better trained troops
• More weapons
• Navy
• Larger army
• Allies Loyalists
• Loyal to King
• More supplies
• Targeted areas
• In cities for quarters

• Disadvantages
• Loyalists not great
• British used Loyalists wrong
• War of revenge
• Slow to react to revolt
• Bad luck
• Unfamiliar land
• Scorched earth policy
• Long supply lines
• Poor communication

4
Ahead of the Fact

• Lexington and Concord
• Fort Ticonderoga
• Battle of Bunker Hill
• Breeds Hill
• July 3, 1775 - George Washington
• Army in name only
• British evacuate Boston

5
British Strategy

• Appeal to pockets of loyalists
• New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania
• Carolinas
• Badly managed
• Military campaign begins in Carolinas
• Sought show of force in New York
• General Howe
• Admiral Howe

6
Colonial Response

• Evacuate New York
• Did the unthinkable
• Battle of Trenton
• Battle of Princeton

7
Colonials go North

• 1775 Aug - Nov following Lexington and Concord
• After Fort Ticonderoga
• Ethan Allen to Montreal
• Benedict Arnold marches through Maine
• Dec 31 attack Quebec
• 1776 July withdraws from Canada

8
Moves in the Middle Colonies

• Washington had sent troops to New York
• Gen Burgoyne sought to take Hudson Valley
• Gen Howe sailed up Chesapeake Bay
• Continental Congress leaves Philadelphia
• British fail in New York
• Colonial victory at Saratoga

9
Winter Quarters - 1777

• British remained in Philadelphia
• Colonials at Valley Forge
• Some joined for better pay
• Stayed for patriotism
• Colonials poorly trained and equipped
• Spring 1778
• Baron Frederich von Stueben
• French recognition

10
Diplomatic Moves

• Benjamin Franklin sent to France
• France looking at options
• British peace offer
• Parliament renounce taxing
• Repeal of Acts
• France recognizes Americans

11
American Public

• Still Loyalists and patriots
• Black market for English goods
• Some merchants sell poor quality goods to army at
  profit
• Congress limited financial help
• Army needed supplies
• Could have taken, but

12
Final Phases of War

• In north, France not the forceful ally
• West - British used Indians to attack
• South - civil war due to the pockets of loyalists
• Battle of Kings Mountain
• 1780 Gen Nathaniel Greene
• Gen Cornwallis abandons and moves to Virginia

13
The End ?

• Sept 1781 - Cornwallis at Yorktown
• Washington and French army
• French fleet
• Oct 17, 1781 Cornwallis surrenders
• Nov 25 news reaches England
• Mar 4, 1782 Parliament gives up
• would consider as enemies to His Majesty and
  Country all those who should advise or by any
  means attempt the

14
Independence Won?

• Definitive military victory?
• Attrition of troops?
• Attrition of British will?

15
Diplomatic Victory

• U.S. delegation
• Benjamin Franklin
• John Jay
• John Adams
• Treaty of Paris 1783
• Increased western boundaries
• Unlimited access to fisheries off Newfoundland

16
Governing

• Protection of rights
• Speech
• Assembly
• Church and state
• Property
• American Aristocracy?

17
Women

• Proved by the war
• Shortages
• Maintained Home
• Harassment
• Traditional versus new
• republican womanhood
• Not equality

18
Slaves

• Some joined army on each side
• Some escaped to British areas
• End of war, owners try to recover
• Treaty of Paris
• Manumission
• Canada

19
Loyalists

• Some return to England, some to Canada
• Associations to create communities
• Shelburne, Nova Scotia 1783
• 306 families
• 1512 people
• 1789 two-thirds of town deserted

20
Summary

• War without declaration
• Independence by attrition
• Battles not over

21
Battles

• When did the battle occur?
• Who were the main combatants?
• Outcome of the battle?
• Significance of the battle?