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?1?????????GP?????? ???????????????
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2006?12?2? ??????????
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4
1.1????????????????
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5
1.1????????????????
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6
1.2???????????????

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7
1.3????????????????
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8
1.4??????????????????
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9
1.5???????????????
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10
1.6???????(1)
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11
1.7???????(2)

• ? ??????
• ? ?????????
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??????
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12
??

1. ?????????????
2. ???????????????
3. ??????????????
4. ?????????
5. ????????????????

13
2.1???????

• ????????????????
• ?
• lt???????gt

??????????????????????????????? (???????)
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?????????? ???????????
?????
? ? ? ?
14
2.2??????????

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• lt?????????????gt

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15
2.3????????

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????(????????)

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16
2.4????????????

• ??????????????????
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??????????
(cf. ?????????????????????/???)
17
2.5?????????????
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(1) ?????(?????)????? (2) ?????(?????)??????
???????????????
18
2.5.1?????????(?)

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??????
16C 17C
???????
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19
2.5.2??????????(?)

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???????? (?????????)
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(????????????????????????)
20
2.5.2??????????(?)

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???????? (?????????)
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(????????????????????????)
21
2.6???????

• ???????????(????????????)
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22
2.7??????????
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23
2.8??????????

• 1) ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????
• 2) ????????????????????????????????????????
• ?????,
• ? ???????????????????????????????????????????????
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  ?????????

24
??

1. ?????????????
2. ???????????????
3. ??????????????
4. ?????????
5. ????????????????

25
3.1?????????????
Data
Conclusion
So
explicit direct (questions of fact)
Since
implicit incidental general
Warrant
(questions of law)
On account of
Backing
more general
(S.E. Toulmin, The Uses of Argument, Cambridge,
1964)
26
3.2?????????(1)
D
C
relevant facts relevant factors
decision action
moral rules law code of ethics
W
B
principles of ethics
27
3.2?????????(1)
D
C
relevant facts relevant factors
decision action
moral rules law code of ethics
W
ethics test
B
principles of ethics
28
3.2?????????(2)
D1
C1
D2
C2
D3
W
W
B
29
3.2?????????(3)
??
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?????

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???????????
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30
3.2?????????(4)
?

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???
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31
3.2?????????(5)
?? ???? ?????? ??????
? ? ??? publicity, defensibility, public disclosure, gag, transparency, golden rule, colleague, organization, fairness, legal, harm, effect, balance, right, utilitarianism, cost-benefit, feeling about myself, ones best self, Würde der Menschheit,
??
??
??
?????
? ?
???
?????
32
3.3?????????

• ???? (demarcation method)
• ????(warrant)????????????
• ????????????????
• ??????? (trade-off method)
• ????????????
• ?????????????
• ???? (reframing method)
• ?????(data, warrant)????
• ???????????

33
3.4????(demarcation method)

• ????????????
• ????
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(Ch. ??????????????(?2?)????2002)
34
3.4.1????(?)
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N
P
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35
3.4.2????(?)
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N
P
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36
3.4.3???????

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trade-off method
37
3.5???????(trade-off method)

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• ??????
• ??????????????

(Ch. ??????????????(?2?)????2002)
38
3.5.1???????(?)
O1 (?????)
O2 (????)
O1 (?????)
O2 (????)
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39
3.5.2???????(?)

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40
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41
3.5.4???????(?)

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42
3.5.5??????????

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43
3.5.6??????????

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44
3.5.7????????????

• ??????? lt ???????
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reframing method
45
3.6???? (reframing method)

• ???????????????
• ????
• ????????
• ????????
• ??????
• ????(????)??????

demarcation method trade-off method
(cf. A. Weston, A 21th Century Ethical Toolbox,
Oxford, 2001.)
46
3.6.1????????????
? ?????????
???
???? ??????
? ????????????
???? ???
? ?????
(cf. A. Weston, A 21th Century Ethical Toolbox,
Oxford, 2001.)
47
3.6.2????????????
? ?????????
? ??????
???? ??????
? ???????????
???? ???
In the middle of difficulty, lies opportunity.
? ????
(cf. A. Weston, A 21th Century Ethical Toolbox,
Oxford, 2001.)
48
3.6.3????
????
????
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?????
?????
?
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49
??

1. ?????????????
2. ???????????????
3. ??????????????
4. ?????????
5. ????????????????

50
4.1????

• N?????????Y????2?????
• ?????????????/??1.5??
• ????????????B/C1.6 ? ????
• ????B/C0.9
• W?????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????
• ????????????B/C1.6????????
• ? ????? ? ????????/???????

((?)???????????????????????????????????2005?)
51
4.1????

• A?????

W????????????? ???????? ???
?????????????? ?????
????????????? ?????? ??????
52
4.1????

• A???????

? W???????????? ???????????????? ????????????????
???????????????
? ??????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????
? ???W????????? ?????????????????
53
4.2???????(???????)

• ????????????/??????
• ?????????????????/????????????????????????????????
  ?????
• ????A?????????????????
• ?
• ?????????(??????)
• ??????????A???????????????????????

54
4.3???????(??1)
??????? ????? ??????? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ?
??????? ????? ??????? ????? ? ? ?
(1) ????????? (1) ????????? ???? ????
(2) ?????????? (2) ?????????? ? ? ? ?
(3) ???????????? (3) ????????????
?????lt????? ??????? ?????? ?????
?????lt?????? ??????? ??????? ???????
?????lt????? ??????? ?????? ?????
55
4.3???????(??2)

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56
4.3???????(??3)

• W????? ? ??????
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• ?
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• ??????????
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57
5.3?????????

• (1)??????
• 1) ??????
• 2) ?????
• 3) ?????
• (2)???????
• (3)?????
• (4)?????
• (5)???????
• (6)?????
• (7)????

• (8)???????????
• 1) ?????????
• 2) ??/?????
• 3) ?????????
• (9)???????????
• 1) ??????
• 2) ?????
• 3) ?????
• (10)?????????

((?)???????????????????????????????????2005?)
58
4.4????????N-model
??
????
??
?????
?????
??
??
????
????
Demarcation
??????
??????
??
???? ? ?
????
??
Trade-off
???
???? ? ?
????
Reframing
??????????
59
??

1. ?????????????
2. ???????????????
3. ??????????????
4. ?????????
5. ????????????????

60
5.1Seven-step Guide to Ethical Decision Making

• 1. State problem.
• 2. Check facts.
• 3. Identify relevant factors.
• 4. Develop list of options.
• 5. Test options.
• 6. Make a choice based on steps 1-5.
• 7. Review steps 1-6.

Ethics Tests
a. harm test b. publicity test c. defensibility
test d. reversibility test e. colleague test f.
professional test g. organization test
(M. Davis, Ethics and the University, Routledge,
1999. p.166f.)
61
5.2Six Steps to Ethical Decision Making

• Six Steps
• 1. Define the problem PLUS.
• 2. Identify alternatives.
• 3. Evaluate the alternatives PLUS.
• 4. Make the decision.
• 5. Implement the decision.
• 6. Evaluate the decision PLUS.

• Ethics Filter (PLUS)
• PPolicies
• Is it consistent with my organizations
  policies, procedures and guidelines?
• LLegal
• Is it acceptable under the applicable laws
  and regulations?
• UUniversal
• Does it conform to the universal
  principles/values my organization has adopted?
• SSelf
• Does it satisfy my personal definition of
  right, good and fair?

(http//www.ethics.org/resources/pf_plus_mode.html
)
62
5.3?????????

• (1)??????
• 1) ??????
• 2) ?????
• 3) ?????
• (2)???????
• (3)?????
• (4)?????
• (5)???????
• (6)?????
• (7)????

• (8)???????????
• 1) ?????????
• 2) ??/?????
• 3) ?????????
• (9)???????????
• 1) ??????
• 2) ?????
• 3) ?????
• (10)?????????

((?)???????????????????????????????????2005?)
63
5.4??????????PDCA?

• ????????PDCA

Problem
?????
???? ???
????? ???
Detail
Action
Check
???????
((?)???????????????????????????????????2005?)
64
5.5A Process of Ethical Decision Making
Identify action, decision, of behavior you are
about to take
Articulate all dimensions of proposed action,
decision or behavior
Ethics Screen
Conventional Approach Standards/Norms Personal
Organizational Societal International
Principles Approach Ethical Principles Justice
Rights Utilitarianism Golden Rule Virtue
Caring
Ethical Tests Approach Ethical Tests Common
Sense Ones Best Self Public Disclosure
Ventilation Purified Idea Gag Test
Course of action fails ethics screen
Course of action passes ethics screen
Do not engage in course of action
Engage in course of action
Repeat cycle when faced with new ethical dilemma
Identify new course of action
(Carroll, A.B. A. K. Buchholtz, Business and
Society, 6ed., 2006.)
65
5.6Simple ethical tests for a business decision

• Transparency
• Do I mind others knowing what I have
  decided?
• Effect
• Who does my decision affect or hurt?
• Fairness
• Would my decision be considered fair by
  those affected?

(http//www.ibe.org.uk/tests.html)
66
5.7Ethics Check

• Is it legal?
• Will I be violating either civil law or
  company policy?
• Is it balanced?
• Is it fair to all concerned in the short
  term as well as the long term? Does it promote
  win-win relationships?
• How will it make me feel about myself?
• Will it make me proud? Would I feel good
  if my decision was published in the newspaper?
  Would I feel good if my family knew about it?

(Carroll, A.B. A.K.Buchholtz, Business and
Society, 6ed., 2006.)
67
5.8The TI Ethics Quick Test

• Is the action legal?
• Does it comply with our values?
• If you do it, will you feel bad?
• How will it look in the newspaper?
• If you know its wrong, dont do it.
• If youre not sure, ask.
• Keep asking until you get an answer.

(http//www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/citizen/ethic
s/quicktest.shtml)