Part 1: Extension Educational Methods

1
Part 1 Extension Educational Methods

• Adapted from an Extension Fact sheet by Dr. John
  Richardson
• Department of Agricultural and Extension
  Education
• NC State University

2
What are Education Methods

• Way we deliver education to our target audiences
• Nonformal education structure of Extension allows
  more flexibility and options

3
Types of Methods

• Experiential- gain experience w/ the information
  being taught
• Reinforcement- reinforce learning and motivation
  for continued learning
• Integrative- allows the learner to clarify,
  discuss and gain a greater understanding of the
  info integrate new info with existing info

4
Experiential Methods

• Interactive video/audio
• Demonstration
• On-farm test
• Tour
• Field Day
• Interactive Workshop

• Games
• Skits
• Role Play
• Case Study
• Practicum
• Interactive CD

5
Reinforcement Methods

• Fact Sheet
• Notebook
• Leaflet or flier
• Article (EDIS, journal/mag)
• Poster Session

• Newsletter
• Home study kit
• Fax message
• Newspaper article

6
Integrative Methods

• Conference
• Convention
• Seminar
• Panel
• Forum
• Meeting
• Symposium

• Buzz group
• Brainstorming
• Teleconference
• Telephone TA
• Personal Visit
• Office Visit
• Institute

7
Key Considerations

• Preferences Special Needs and considerations of
  target audience
• Educational purpose
• Level of Objectives- KASA
• Resources you have

8
Preferences/special needs considerations

• Learning Styles
• Literacy level
• Age
• Socio-economic status
• Lifestyles
• Disabilities
• Cultural relevance
• Others

9
Educational Purpose

• General Awareness of large population
• Individual

10
Resources

• Some of the educational methods will require more
  resources than others such as
• Money- more expensive to deliver
• Time- more time consuming
• Staff- require addl staff/volunteers
• Facilities- require special facilities

11
Part 2

• Planning Teaching Strategies to Appeal to
  Different Learning Styles

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Learning Styles Basics

• Mainly, three broad categories of major learning
  styles of U.S. population
• Visual Learners
• Auditory Learners
• Kinestetic Learners

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Characteristics of Visual Learners

• gt  Prefers to see words written down
• gt   When something is being described, the
  visual learner also prefers to have a picture to
  view.
• gt   Prefers a time-line or some other similar
  diagram to remember historical events.
• gt   Prefers written instructions rather than
  verbal instructions.
• gt   Observes all the physical elements in a
  classroom.
• gt   Carefully organizes their learning
  materials.
• gt   Enjoys decorating their learning areas.
• gt   Prefers photographs and illustrations with
  printed content.
• gt   Remembers and understands through the use of
  diagrams, charts and maps.
• gt   Appreciates presentations using OHP
  transparencies or handouts.
• gt   Studies materials by reading notes and
  organizing it in outline form
• gt  Enjoys visual art activities

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Teaching Strategies to Appeal to Visual Learners

• Provide lots of interesting visual material in a
  variety of formats.
• Make sure visual presentations are
  well-organized.
• During lessons, ensure auditory learners are in a
  position to hear well.
• Make handouts and all other written work as
  visually appealing as possible, and easily read.
• Make full use of a variety of technologies
  computer, OHP, video camera, live video
  feeds/close circuit TV, photography, internet,
  etc.

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Educational Activities targeted toward Visual
Learners

• Diagrams.
• Graphs.
• Photographs.
• Coloring books for children
• Posters.
• Collages.
• TV shows.
•  Games.
•  Writing.
•  Newspapers.
•  Recipes.
•  Magazines.
•  Reading.
•  Books.
•  

• Maps.
• Charts.
• Illustrations.
• Displays.
•  Cartoons.
• Slide Shows/Power Point.
• Movies.
• OHP transparencies.
• Written reports.
• Flash cards
• Crossword word find puzzles.
• Letters.
• Bulletin boards.
• Workbooks.

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Characteristics of Auditory Learners

• gt  Remembers what they say and what others say
  very well. gt  Remembers best through verbal
  repetition and by saying things aloud.
• gt  Prefers to discuss ideas they do not
  immediately understand.
• gt  Remembers verbal instructions well.
• gt  Enjoys the opportunities to present
  dramatically, including the use of music.
• gt  Finds it difficult to work quietly for long
  periods of time.
• gt  Easily distracted by noise, but also easily
  distracted by silence.
• gt  Verbally expresses interest and enthusiasm.
• gt  Enjoys class and group discussions.

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Teaching Strategies to Appeal to Auditory Learners

• Re-phrase points, questions. Vary speed, volume,
  pitch, as appropriate, to help create interesting
  aural textures.
• Write down key points or key words to help avoid
  confusion due to pronunciation.
• During lessons, ensure auditory learners are in a
  position to hear well.
• Incorporate multimedia applications utilizing
  sounds, music, or speech (use tape recorders,
  computer sound cards/recording applications,
  musical instruments, etc.).

18
Educational Activities targeted toward Auditory
Learners

• Oral report or presentation.
• Teach the class or a group.
• Panel discussion.
• Debate.
• Tape recordings.
• Songs.
• Raps.
• Poems

• Musical performance.
• Puppet show for children.
• Radio show.
• Verbal games.
• Show and tell/current events.
• Peer tutoring.
• Oral presentations.
• Oral recitation.

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Characteristics of Kinesthetic Learners

• gt  Remembers what they DO very well.
  gt  Remembers best through getting physically
  involved in whatever is being learnt.
• gt  Enjoys acting out a situation relevant to the
  study topic.
• gt  Enjoys making and creating.
• gt  Enjoys the opportunities to build and
  physically handle learning materials.
• gt  Will take notes to keep busy but will not
  often use them.
• gt  Enjoys using computers.
• gt  Physically expresses interest and enthusiasm
  by getting active and excited.
• gt  Has trouble staying still or in one place for
  a long time.
• gt Enjoys hands-on activities.
• gt Tends to want to fiddle with small objects
  while listening or working.
• gt Tends to want to eat snacks while studying.

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Teaching Strategies to Appeal to Kinesthetic
Learners

• Allow tactile-kinesthetic students to take breaks
  during lessons and move around.
• Encourage tactile-kinesthetic students to write
  down their own notes.
• Encourage tactile-kinesthetic students to stand
  or move while reciting information or learning
  new material.
• Incorporate multimedia resources (computer, video
  camera, OHP transparencies, photography camera,
  etc.) into programmes (teacher presentations and
  student presentations).
• Provide lots of tactile-kinesthetic activities in
  the class.

21
Educational Activities targeted toward
Kinesthetic Learners

• Demonstrations.
• Products Testing.
• Hands-on games.
• Field trips.
• Role-play
• Interviews.
• Charades.
• Plays (they act out scenes).

• Model Building.
• Scrapbooks.
• Workbooks.
• Learning stations.
• Projects.
• Science labs

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Educators should

• Be flexible
• Be innovative and creative
• Use a mix of learning experiences that appeal to
  different learning styles

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References for Part 2

• Abiator's Online Learning Styles
  Inventoryavailable at http//www.berghuis.co.nz/a
  biator/lsi/lsiframe.html

24
Part 3 Key Program Implementation Issues to Plan
For

• Developed by Dr. Lisa A. Guion
• Department of Agricultural and Extension
  Education
• NC State University

25
Selecting Educational Materials and Aids

• Existing or Newly Developed
• Research Based
• Current (date)
• Culturally Sensitive based on audience
• Non-biased
• Interactive (promotes experiential learning)

26
Selecting Teaching Style and Aids

• Teaching strategies matches learning style of
  target audience
• Mixed educational delivery methods are used
• Technology and visual aids used are appropriate
• Experiential learning techniques used
• Cooperative learning techniques used

27
Program Affordability

• Free Programs
• Sliding Scale Programs
• Programs that recoup expenses only
• Programs that charge to get a profit used to
  further educators work

28
Program Availability

• Hours of Operation (Time of day or night)
• Days of Operation (weekend or just weekday)
• Sequence of Operation (one day 6 hour program or
  will program be repeated)
• Etc.

29
Program Accessibility (Location)

• Physically Accessible to Target Audience
• Psycho-Emotionally Accessible to Target Audience
• Scope of Operation (one location, multiple sites)
• Etc.

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Reducing Costfor Learners to Participate

• Time
• Transportation
• Special Services (Day Care, Elder Parent Care)
• Other Costs

31
Provide Incentives to Participate

• Refreshments/meals
• Vouchers/Coupons
• Bus/Cab Fare
• Provide Special Services discussed earlier
• Money or its equivalent
• Etc.