The End of Reconstruction

1
The End of Reconstruction

• SS8H7
• The student will evaluate key political, social,
  and economic changes that occurred in Georgia
  between 1877 and 1918
• Evaluate the impact the Bourbon Triumvirate,
  Henry Grady, International Cotton Exposition, Tom
  Watson and the Populists, Rebecca Latimer Felton,
  the 1906 Atlanta Riot, the Leo Frank Case, and
  the county unit system had on GA during this
  period.
• Analyze how rights were denied to
  African-Americans through Jim Crow laws, Plessy
  v. Ferguson, disenfranchisement, and racial
  violence.
• Explain the roles of Booker T. Washington, W. E.
  B. DuBois, John and Lugenia Burns Hope, and
  Alonzo Herndon.
• Explain reasons for World War I and describe
  Georgias contributions.

2
End of Republican Rule in Georgia

• In 1868, the Republican Party gained control of
  the Georgia government.
• Rufus B. Bullock was elected governor. Bullock
• wanted equal rights for African Americans.
• Most Democrats in GA did not.
• A campaign began to remove the Republicans from
  power.
• During this time, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) attacked
  many African Americans in Georgia.

3
End of Republican Rule in Georgia

• In 1870, federal troops withdrew from GA and the
  Democrats regained control of the Georgia
  government.
• The Republican Party was referred to as the Party
  of Lincoln, and southern states associated it
  with anti-South policies.

4
Bourbon Triumvirate

• Bourbon Democrats
• conservative Democrats
• controlled the Georgia government from 1872 to
  1890.
• The Bourbon Triumvirate led the Bourbon
  Democrats.

5
Bourbon Triumvirate

• The Bourbon Triumvirate were Alfred Colquitt,
  Joseph Brown, and John Gordon.
• wanted Georgias economy to be industrialized,
  not based solely on agriculture.
• During their time in power, the cotton textile
  industry grew.
• Production of cottonseed oil, cattle feed, and
  fertilizer began.
• Atlanta became prosperous again.

6
Henry Grady

• Henry Grady was a journalist from Georgia.
• called the voice of the New South
• He coined the phrase New South
• Increased the circulation of the Atlanta
  Constitution from 10,000 to 140,000

7
Henry Grady

• He helped bring jobs, recognition, and
  investments to the recovering GA economy
• Grady spoke about unity and trust between the
  North and South.

8
International Cotton Exposition

• The International Cotton Exposition was held in
  Atlanta, in 1881.
• was a fair to showcase the economic recovery of
  the South and to lure northern investors
• displayed equipment for making textiles.
• millions of dollars were invested in Atlanta.
• Created new jobs.
• Similar expositions would be held there in 1887
  and 1895.
• Atlanta became known as the center of the New
  South.

9
Tom Watson and the Populists

• He was a wealthy man concerned about Georgias
  poor and struggling farmers.
• Small farmers in Georgia were upset because they
  were not prospering during this time.
• Prices of farm products were dropping.
• Farmers owed many loans and were charged high
  prices by railways to ship products.
• Farmers formed groups to help one another.

10
Tom Watson and the Populists

• The formation of these groups/alliances was
  called populism.
• The Farmers Alliance was one of these groups.
• these groups formed a political party called the
  Peoples Party.
• Thomas Watson was a leader of the populists.
• Under Watsons leadership, the Peoples Party
  became powerful in Georgia.
• The Democrats worried that the Peoples Party
  might take control. To avoid this, the Democrats
  won the election by breaking the law, or
  stealing the election.

11
Rebecca Latimer Felton

• Rebecca Latimer Felton was a writer, teacher, and
  reformer.
• She was an early supporter of womens suffrage,
  the right to vote.
• She made speeches and wrote articles to help
  women win the right to vote.
• She pushed social reform at the state level.

12
Rebecca Latimer Felton

• helped to instate Prohibition
• ended the convict lease system, a system of
  leasing convicts to private businesses as cheap
  labor.
• In 1922 at the age of 87, Felton became the 1st
  woman to serve in the U.S. Senate.

13
Leo Frank Case

• Leo Frank was a Jewish man from Georgia who was
  lynched, or hung, by a mob because of
  anti-Semitism.
• Frank was accused of murdering Mary Phagan, a
  young girl employee.
• The governor of Georgia, John Slaton, reviewed
  Franks case and eventually decided that Frank
  was innocent.

14
Leo Frank Case

• However, anti-Semites lynched Frank before he
  could enjoy his freedom.
• Anti-Semitism - a belief system against Jewish
  people.

15
Jim Crow Laws

• The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth
  Amendments increased the rights of African
  Americans after the Civil War.
• When formerly Confederate states rejoined the
  Union, they had to first agree to honor the
  amendments.

16
Jim Crow Laws

• Most, however, only followed the Thirteenth
  Amendment no more slavery.
• The southern states did not honor the other
  Amendments because they feared equal rights for
  African Americans.
• Southern states regularly denied rights to
  African Americans.

17
Jim Crow Laws

• Georgia and other southern states passed state
  and local legislation called Jim Crow laws.
• Jim Crow laws mandated the segregation of African
  Americans and whites.
• Signs were hung in public places designating
  Whites Only for some public places and Colored
  Only for others.

18
Plessy V. Ferguson

• Some African Americans challenged the Jim Crow
  laws in court.
• The most famous challenge was between Homer
  Plessy and a railroad company in Louisiana.
• The company tried to make Plessy move from a
  Whites Only passenger car. Plessy, however,
  refused and was arrested.

19
Plessy V. Ferguson

• In 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court disagreed with
  Plessy.
• The court ruled that segregation was not against
  the Constitution.
• This idea became known as separate but equal,
  which meant that it was legal for states to keep
  the races separate as long as there were equal
  facilities for both races.
• Most public facilities, however, such as
  hospitals and schools, were not of the same
  quality for African Americans as those for whites.

20
Disenfranchisement

• Disenfranchisement - the act of denying a person
  the right to vote
• Disenfranchisement of African American men was
  accomplished partly by poll taxes, property
  tests, and literacy tests. A poll tax was a fee
  that a voter had to pay to vote. A voter also had
  to demonstrate that he owned property.

21
Disenfranchisement

• Formerly enslaved men were given the right to
  vote by the Fifteenth Amendment.
• Many southern whites felt this right was a threat
  to their way of life.
• Southern states made it more difficult for
  African American men to vote.
• Poll taxes and property tests prevented many poor
  people, including African Americans, from voting.

22
Disenfranchisement

• In order to vote, people were required to pass a
  literacy test, which determined their ability to
  read and write.
• Most African Americans could not pass this test
  because under slavery, they had not been allowed
  to learn to read and write.
• These laws also prevented poor, uneducated whites
  from voting.

23
Disenfranchisement

• Southern lawmakers did not want to lose the votes
  of whites.
• They passed a law called the grandfather clause.
• The grandfather clause stated that if a person
  had an ancestor who could vote before 1867, he
  will be allowed to vote.
• Since 1867 was the first year that African
  Americans were allowed to vote, the grandfather
  clause only helped whites.

24
Disenfranchisement

• White primaries also denied African American men
  the right to vote.
• A primary is an initial election when the voters
  of a political party nominate candidates.
• In many states, the Democratic Party would not
  allow African Americans to be members.

25
County Unit System

• In 1917, Georgia established the county unit
  system. This was a way to give votes in primary
  elections.
• Each county was given a certain number of votes,
  called unit votes.
• Three categories urban, town, and rural.

26
County Unit System

• The candidate who received the most votes in a
  county won all of the unit votes given to that
  county.
• This system did not always represent what the
  population wanted.
• As a result, the county unit system was
  eventually abolished.

27
Racial Violence

• Race riots and the terrorist activities of the
  KKK increased at this time. As African Americans
  gained more power, whites reacted with fear and
  violence. Often, whites would attack African
  Americans in groups, such as in the race riots in
  Atlanta in 1906. Such events occurred throughout
  the South. This violence continued for decades,
  with lynching becoming an increasingly common
  event throughout the South. Not until the civil
  rights movement of the 1960s, would violence
  against African Americans slow in the region.

28
Civil Rights Advocates

• During the years between 1877 and 1918, many
  significant changes in civil rights took place in
  the state of Georgia. Many civil rights advocates
  of this period were educators, however,
  businesspeople also played a role. In the
  approximately fifty years following the Civil
  War, colleges in Georgia had begun to serve
  African Americans. The availability of education
  for former slaves was a great advance in civil
  rights.

29
Booker T. Washington

• (1856-1915)
• Was born into slavery.
• Grew up during Reconstruction
• Educated by a freedmens school.
• Championed education for other African Americans.
  
• In 1881 Washington headed the Tuskegee Institute
  in Alabama.
• a college that prepared African Americans for
  agricultural and domestic work.

30
Booker T. Washington (cont.)

• Became a well known educator and thinker.
• Explained the idea of accommodationism (blacks
  and whites work separately for a mutually
  beneficial relationship) at the 1895 Cotton
  States and International Exposition in Atlanta.
• He encouraged African Americans to embrace jobs
  in agriculture, mechanics, commerce, and domestic
  service.
• Believed seeking social equality was a mistake.
• Believed progress would come gradually (should
  not be forced).

31
Booker T. Washington (cont.)

• called for whites to take the initiative in
  improving social and economic relations between
  the races.
• His ideas of shared responsibility and the
  importance of education over equality came to be
  known as the Atlanta Compromise.

32
W.E.B Du Bois

• (1868-1963)
• A prominent professor at Atlanta University in
  1897.
• Criticized the idea of accommodationism.
• Believed the idea accepted the racism of whites.
• Thought Blacks should fight for total racial
  equality.

33
W.E.B Du Bois

• Founded the Niagra Movement.
• Civil Rights Activists gathered at Niagra Falls
  and listed demands, which included the end of
  segregation and discrimination.

34
W.E.B Du Bois

• Activists of the Niagra Movement founded the
  National Association for the Advancement of
  Colored People (NAACP).
• Du Bois took a leadership position with the NAACP.

35
Similarities
Differences
Differences
Headed the Tuskegee Institute. Believed in
accommodationism. Encouraged Blacks to embrace
domestic jobs (i.e. agriculture, mechanics,
etc.). Believed progress should be gradual.
Believed in shared responsibilities for Whites
and Blacks in improving social and economic
relations. Gave the Atlanta Compromise speech.
A professor at Atlanta University. Disagreed
with accommodationism. Thought Blacks should
fights for total social equality. Founded the
Niagra Movement which sought to end
discrimination and segregation. A prominent
leader/member of the NAACP.
Both were civil rights activists who fought to
educate African Americans and advance African
American rights. Both were prominent educators
at major universities.
Booker T. Washington
W.E.B Du Bois
36
John and Lugenia Hope

• John and Lugenia Burns Hope devoted their time
  advancing civil rights and education for African
  Americans.
• John Hope
• became the first African American president of
  Morehouse College in 1906.
• became the first African American president of
  Atlanta University.
• Atlanta University became the first college in
  the nation to offer graduate education for
  African Americans.
• supported public education, healthcare, job
  opportunities, and recreational facilities for
  African Americans.

37
John and Lugenia Hope

• Lugenia Hope
• Worked for many organizations to assist African
  Americans in GA.
• created the first woman-run social welfare agency
  for African Americans in GA.
• was a member of the National Association of
  Colored Women (NACW).

38
World War I

• In June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand heir to
  the throne of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated
  by Serbian nationalists. Soon after,
  Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Within a
  few months, the allies of these countries had
  joined the war. World War I had begun.
• There were several causes for World War I. These
  included ethnic and ideological conflicts,
  nationalism, and political and economic rivalries.

39
World War I
Franz Ferdinand
Gavrilo Princip
40
World War I

• Ethnic Conflicts
• An ethnic group is a group of people that shares
  a common and distinctive culture. Usually, they
  also share the same language and religion. Ethnic
  Conflicts are often the cause of wars.
• A major ethnic conflict existed in what was
  called the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
• This large empire consisted of many ethnic
  groups, but only the Austrians and the Hungarians
  had the right to vote.

41
World War I

• Ideological Conflicts
• An ideology is a system of ideas that guides
  individuals, social movements, or groups of
  people.
• weltpolitik is a German word that means world
  politics. The Germans believed they deserved to
  be equal partners with other leading world powers
  such as Great Britain.
• Germany had conflicts with all the other major
  European powers except Austria-Hungary

42
World War I

• Nationalism
• devotion and loyalty to ones own ethnicity or
  country of origin.

43
World War I

• In the 19th century, many nationalist movements
  led to a widespread struggle for independence.
  This was especially true in the Balkans. Serbia
  was at the center of the nationalist movements in
  the Balkans. Austria-Hungary was considered an
  enemy of Serbia because of the desire of the
  Serbs in Austria-Hungary to unite with Serbia and
  create a larger Serbian state.

44
Georgias Contributions to WWI

• Soldiers from many states came to Georgia to
  receive military training at Camp Benning, Camp
  Gordon and Fort McPherson.
• Textile mills made fabrics for military uniforms.
• Railroads carried arms, ammunition and soldiers
  to ports where ships set sail to Europe.

45
Georgias Contributions to WWI

• Many residents planted victory gardens to raise
  their own vegetable so that there would be more
  food for soldiers military.
• Women volunteered to work for the Red Cross, to
  welcome soldiers, to knit and sell war bonds.
• 3,000 young people from Georgia died in World War
  I.

46
Georgias Contributions to WWI

• The entry of the United States into the was
  helped to defeat the Central Powers and end the
  war.
• On November 11, 1918 the war officially ended
  when both sides signed an armistice.
• Armistice an agreement to stop fighting.