Introduction First Founders: America

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IntroductionFirst Founders America

• 25,000-11,000 years ago
• Early 20th C discovery at Folsom, NM clue to
  life and hunters 10,000 years ago
• Followed by discoveries at Clovis, NM
• Older than Folsom since soil layer was below that
  of Folsom, dated back 14,000 years ago
• These ancient people along with Spanish, French,
  Portuguese, Norse, and English peoples were the
  founders of America

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Origin

• Each culture had its own creation story
• Passed on by word of mouth thru generations
• How did they get here?
• Scientists research show that ancient Indians
  who Columbus encountered were descendants of
  African people who had left Africa 70,000 years
  ago
• Moved to Asia, Europe and Australia by 40,000
  years ago

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Origins contd.

• People in C. Asia and Siberia adapted to cold
  environment by creating tools and clothes made of
  hide from large animals
• Perfected hunting techniques to kill animals like
  mammoths, wooly rhino etc.
• Moved to Bering Strait over many centuries
• Land Bridge over Bering Strait (Beringia)
• Oceans levels lower and large glaciers present
• Humans crossed eastward to North America
• As ice Age ended, glaciers melted and land bridge
  submerged, cutting them off.

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Paleo-Indians

• People who moved from Siberia 14,000 years ago
• Moved across N. and S. America within about 1000
  years of crossing the land bridge
• Mainly hunters
• Fashioned spear heads out of flint

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Archaic People

• About 10,000 yrs. Ago Paleo-Indian period gave
  way to the Archaic period
• Over-hunted mammoths, mastodons, large bison,
  horses and camels to extinction
• Shifted to hunting smaller game
• Had special techniques and tools for hunting
  (driving game over cliff)
• Spread across Americas, adapted to individual
  environments, developed own language

6
Agricultural Revolution(Maize Agriculture)

• Failed at domesticating animals
• Turned to plants
• S. American people learned to cultivate potatoes
  and cassava
• Meso-Americans learned to cultivate squash, beans
  and maize (corn)
• N. Americans learned to grow squash and
  sunflowers
• Agriculture became important, people stopped
  being nomadic and stayed in one place
• Continued to hunt and gather until maize
  agriculture took hold

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Olmecs

• Lived about 3000 yrs. ago, before Mayan and Aztec
  people
• Rubber People discovered how to extract milky
  juice from rubber plant to create latex
• Grew squash, beans and maize
• Hunted turtle
• Built large burial mounds and pyramids
• Had elaborate calendar
• Trade and crafts also existed

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Meso-America (500-1500 A.D.)Maya

• Politically sov. City states
• Built pyramids (Chichen Itza)
• Ruling class most important followed by priests
  both held monopoly on learning
• Human sacrifice common to please Gods
• Corn staple crop
• Still exist in Yucatan Peninsula, are becoming
  rare, have own language and ceremonies

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Meso-America (500-1500 A.D.) Aztecs (Mexica)

• Initially nomadic people, also enslaved by other
  tribes
• Capital at Tenochtitlan (Mexico City)
• Grew maize, squash, beans
• Also hunted and fished
• Imposed taxes on inferior tribes in form of goods
  and services
• Human sacrifice to please Gods
• Built pyramids
• Moctezuma King
• Captured and killed by Spaniards
• Spread Small Pox in Aztec Empire
• Lead to decline within a few years

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South America (500-1500 A.D.) Moche

• Also known as Mochica
• Flourished in N. Peru
• Noted for ceramics, gold and silver jewellery,
  and irrigation system
• Sites destroyed by Spanish conquistadores
• Downfall due to external invasion or maybe from
  climate change

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South America (500-1500 A.D.)Inca

• Flourished in Peru
• Cuzco main center
• Terraced farming in the Andes potatoes and corn
• Domesticated llamas and alpacas
• Extensive roadways and tunnels thru Andes up to
  Equador
• Worshipped Sun God
• Human Sacrifices
• Believed in Heaven, hell and resurrection of body
  after death
• Pizzarro kidnaps and kills king and family
• This wipes them out within 3 decades

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North America (500-1500 A.D.)Mogollon

• Lived in S. E. Arizona, Texas and N. Mexico
• Geologically diverse area had to adapt
• Built sunken pit houses to keep warm in winter
  and cool in summer

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North America (500-1500 A.D.)Hohokam

• Lived in S. Central Arizona
• Famous for irrigation system with canals and
  floodgates
• Grew corn, beans and squash
• Dug wells
• Expert potters

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North America (500-1500 A.D.)Anasazi (Ancient
Ones)

• Lived in Colorado basin
• Famous for Cliff Dwellings
• Built homes around sunken ceremonial chambers
  known as Kivas
• Multi-room, multi-story dwellings called pueblos
• Grew corn, squash and beans
• Main hubs Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde

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North America (500-1500 A.D.)Mississippians
Cahokia, Illinois

• Late Woodland era
• Mound builders
• Corn staple crop
• Mass grave suggests human sacrifice
• Mounds still exist

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North America (500-1500 A.D.)Mississippians
Moundville, Alabama

• As Cahokia declined, Moundville grew in
  prominence
• Mound builders
• Archeologists have found artifacts and burial
  grounds
• Declined about a century before Europeans arrived

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Marco Polo

• Italian merchant, well traveled for his time
• Traveled the Silk Road from Venice to the Far
  East in late 13th C.
• Referred to China as Cathay
• Reached China during reign of Kublai Khan
  (Mongol, grandson of Genghis Khan, estd. Yuan
  dynasty in China, aggressive warrior known for
  his conquests)
• Polo wrote of wonders of the far East such as
  spices that preserved meat and coal etc.
• His writings piqued European interest in trading
  with the East
• Desire to trade prompted further ocean exploration

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Chinese

• First sea-farers of the 15th C
• Zheng He (Jung Huh)
• Reached as far as East Africa
• Came back with exotic treasures and animals
• Chinese oceanic exploration ends a century later.

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Portugal

• Constant battle with Muslims who had settled in
  Spain and Portugal since 8th C.
• Wanted to defeat Muslims so overland route to
  China could be re-opened
• Henry the Navigator Young prince of 15th C.
  Portugal
• Sponsored ship-building and exploration
• Wanted to find a sea route to Asia
• Ships called caravels lateen sails and narrow
  hulls, navigated well in rough seas
• Had only reached Sierra Leone by the time Henry
  died
• Traded gold, silver and started slave trade to
  Europe
• 1487 Dias sails around Southern tip of Africa
• Da Gama reaches India a decade later following
  Dias route

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Spain

• Expensive wars with Muslims required them to
  establish trade with the East
• Decided to find westward route to Indies
• Ferdinand and Isabella sponsored Columbus voyage
  to find westward route to Indies

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Columbus

• He sailed westward in 1492 from the Canary
  Islands with three ships
• Knew World was round not flat
• Miscalculations in distance and ignorance about
  Western Hemispheres existence
• Reached Cuba and thought he had reached Japan
• Claimed few islands for Spain
• Natives hostile and aggressive
• Returned to Spain with captives whom he called
  Indians
• Made 3 more voyages.
• Believed he had found his sought after route
  until he died
• No idea of impact of his discovery

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Inter Caetera

• Papal bull or decree by Alexander II (Spanish
  native)
• World was a gift of Christianity
• Divided the World into 2
• Eastern part for Portugal to colonize
• Western part for Spanish
• Treaty of Tordesillas (1492) signed between Spain
  and Portugal

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Columbian Exchange

• The movement and the exchange of things between
  Spain and the Spanish colonies in the New World
• The Spanish Livestock and crops rice, wheat,
  sugar, oranges
• Native Americans Corn, beans, squash, potatoes
• Germs such as Small Pox, Measles, Influenza,
  Malaria, Whooping Cough westward and Syphilis
  eastward

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Renaissance in Europe

• Term means re-birth
• 1300s and 1400s Europe was stirring with new
  ideas
• People became more interested in the world
  around them knowing more and living better
• Advances in technology (printing press was
  developed), and navigation (better ships,
  compass, the astrolabe, better maps)
• Scholars began studying the writings of the
  ancient Greeks and rediscovered the idea that the
  world was a sphere. You could reach the East by
  sailing West! Columbus the first to try this.

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Spain and the Indies

• Spanish arrival in the New World caused havoc to
  native life and plants
• Natives killed or forced to pay tribute by
  panning for gold
• Extreme food shortages
• Diseases (95 of population decimated)
• Resulted in further exploration westward and
  northward
• Shortage of labor resulted in importing of
  African Slaves

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Aztec Defeat

• Aztec King Montezuma, powerful, rich warrior,
  ruled by subjugating neighboring tribes
• Capital city Tenochtitlan (Mexico City)
• 1519, Hernan Cortes arrives in Vera Cruz
• Encounters Aztec people who receive his party
  with baskets full of precious metals and pearls
• Montezuma thinks Cortes is their God returning on
  floating islandstreats him with great respect
• This gives Cortes clue to Aztec riches
• Captures and kills Montezuma (using guns, horses
  and neighboring tribes)
• Small Pox wipes out majority of tribe
• Cortes claims Tenochtitlan for Spain

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French in North America

• Came fairly early 1524 Giovanni Verrazano
  looking for a Northwest Passage to Asia, a water
  route around the American land barrier. Failed
  but established the first French claim to America
• 1534 Jacques Cartier made the first of three
  voyages Like Verrazano he failed (disease and
  harsh winter) but these voyages helped strengthen
  French claims to what is now Canada, and started
  fur trade with natives
• 1608 First permanent French colony established
  Quebec Samuel Champlain, the Father of New
  France
• Pushed to the east and south and to the north,
  and this set the stage for the later
  English-French conflict in North America.

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Hernando de Soto

• Spanish conquistador, greedy for gold
• Dreamed of another Cuzco (Pizzarro)
• Landed in Tampa Bay with priests, slaves and
  animals
• Native Indian resistance1000s killed
• Disease and decimation of natives
• 1542 Soto dies, rest of his group flee south

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Cabeza de Vaca

• Spanish Conquistador
• Accompanied by Estaban (African)
• Both after gold and riches
• Esteban killed by Zuni Indians
• Lands in Florida
• First European to arrive in Texas

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Francisco Coronado

• Spanish conquistador
• Greedy for gold, search for Cibola (Seven Cities
  of Gold) and Quivira
• Cibola and Quivira actually tiny villages
• Disappointed and returned to New Spain
• No gold found or a route from the Gulf of Mexico
  to the East

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Protestant ReformationMartin Luther

• 1520 Martin Luther (German monk) excommunicated
  by Pope
• Luther against certain practices of Church
• lavish spending
• selling pardons for money
• tithes
• refusal to translate Latin Bible in other
  languages

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Continued..

• Broke Christianity into 2 groups
• Protestants who were protesting against the
  Church practices
• Roman Catholics who supported the Pope and
  Church, and opposed the Protestants
• The need to reform the Church and its practices,
  by the Protestants, was termed Reformation

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Continued..

• Others followed Luther in this protest
• John Calvin (French Protestant)
• English Puritans
• Scottish Presbyterians
• French Lutherans
• Resulted in groups moving away in religious
  beliefs from Roman Catholic Church

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Political Revolution

• Coincided with Protestantism
• Small kingdoms were absorbed into and became part
  of the modern nations of Portugal, Spain, France,
  and England
• If political centralization had not occurred, the
  major European countries could not possibly have
  generated the financial and military resources
  necessary for worldwide exploration
• Church of England established followed Catholic
  Church in doctrine, but ruler not Pope was Head

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England(background to Exploration)

• Henry VIII, 1509-1547 broke Englands ties with
  the Roman Catholic Church and created the Church
  of England. Militarily, the English Navy began
  experimenting with the use of naval artillery
• Edward VI, 1547-1553 moved England in the
  direction of the Protestant movement
• Mary, 1553-1558 Strong Roman Catholic and
  England moved back toward the Roman Catholic
  Church
• Elizabeth, 1558-1603 Brought an end to the years
  of religious turmoil by working out the
  Elizabethan Settlement under which the Church of
  England was kind of Roman Catholic and kind of
  Protestant. The Church of England occupied a
  middle ground between the two

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Counter-Reformation

• Movement against Protestant Reformation
• Started by Roman Catholics, hard core Catholics
• Society of Jesus (Jesuits) militant in nature
• Inquisition (courts) set up to try and punish
  heretics (Protestants)
• Pope bans many books published by Protestants
  spread herecy

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Europeans Arrive in America!!

• Spain only power to colonize New World
• Other countries jealous of Spanish wealth
• French Protestants1st group to contest Spain's
  claims to New World
• French arrive and settle in Florida, massacred by
  Spanish Catholics
• England decides to join band wagon due to
  population explosion and poor economy

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English in America

• Francis Drake Supported by Elizabeth I, arrives
  in San Francisco
• Claims New Albion for England
• Sails around the World while attacking and
  plundering Spanish ports and galleons filled with
  treasures
• Defeats Spanish Armada in 1588 (Philip II)

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Roanoke

• Known as Lost Colony
• Walter Raleigh sends scouts who return with
  information about Roanoke Island
• Tried 3 times and failed
• 1stEfforts to build fort in Roanoke fails
• 2ndFew men left in Roanoke while majority of
  group leave to gather resources in the Caribbean,
  men dont survive
• 3rdJohn White arrives with about 100 people at
  Roanoke. Goes to England for supplies, returns
  in 3 years to find colonists all gone

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Conclusion

• Natives lived in harmony for 15,000 years
• Hunting, gathering, farmers
• Adapted to environment or moved along to other
  places
• 15th C brings Europeans to America
• By 16th C earnest colonization started
• Population increase
• Native population decline
• Atlantic Seaboard hub of increased activity