Title: (ppm or mg/m3)
1???????????
2? ?
- ?????????????
- ??????????????????????????
- ?????????????????
- ????
3??????????
- ????
- ???/????
- ????
- ??????
- ??/??????
4? ?
- ??????(????)
- ????????????
- ????????????
- ????????(?????)
- ????????
5????
??
6????
7????
8??????
??????
???? ?? (ppm or mg/m3)
?? (mg-min/m3 or ppm-min)
????? ?? (min)
?? ?????
?????? ???LCt50
9????
??
??
???
??
??
10? ?
- ??
- ????(ID50), ????(LD50)
- ???mg?parts???(ppm)??
- ??
- ???? x ??(ICt50)?(LCt50),?mg-min/m3?ppm-min??
11???????
????
???
?? ? ??
?????
????
??? ??
??? ??
??? ??
??? ??
12?????
??/?? ??(CC) ??(CG) ???(AC) ?????(CK)
???? ????? ????? ????? ?????
???? ?? ?? ????,?? ????,??
??? (mg/m3) 19,369,000 6,340,000 1,080,000 6,132,000
??(ppm) 6551 791 3600 4375
?? ??? ??? ??? ???
?? ??,??,?? ??,??,?? ??,??,??,???? ??,??,??,????
?? ??(??) ??(??) ??(??) ??(??)
?? ?? ?? ??,?????? ??,??????
13??????
- Lung-damaging agent Teflon
- Cyanide
- Vesicants included Mustard, Lewisite
- Nerve agents inhibit the enzyme
acetylcholinsterase, GA(Tabun), GB(Sarin) - Incapacitating agents glycolate anticholingeric
compound - Riot-control agents
14???????????
- ????????????????,???????,??????
- ????
- 423 B.C. Sparta in Peloponnesian War
- Greeks, ???? A.D.
- ???????,??????,????
- ??????
- ?????????????
15??????????
- ??
- 12 ???
- ?? 1,000 ?
- ??
- 5,500 ???
- 10??????
16?????? vs ??
????
????
????
???? ? ???????
?????
????
???
17???????
18?????
??/?? ?????(HD) ?????(HN-3) Lewisite (L) Phosgene Oxime(CX)
???? ??? ??? ??? ????
??? (mg/m3) 610 121 4480 1800
??(ppm) 231 231 165 687(est)
?? ?? ?? ??? ??
?? ???? ??????? ????,??,?? ???? ??????? ????,??,?? ??,?????? ????? ?????,???? ??,?????? ????? ?????,????
?? ????? ????? ????? ?????
?? ?? ?? ?? ??
19????????
- ??????570F??
- ?????????????????
- Lewisite/phosgene oxime????????
- ????????????????
- ??????
- ????
- ????????
- ????????50??????
20?????
??/?? Tabun, ??, Soman (GA) (GB) (GD) G-series V-Agents (VX) (VX) V-series
??? 328-16,090 10.5
?? 12-48ppm 4-12ppm
?? ??? ??
?? ???? ?? ??/?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??/?? ?? ???? ??
?? ????? ?????
?? Atropine 2-PAM Chloride Atropine 2-PAM Chloride
21???????
???? 4 ?? 3 ???? 2 ?? 1 ???? 0 ????
???? ??? 4 - lt 73F 3 100F 2 200F 1 - gt200F 0
????
1
1
4
0
?? 4 ???? 3 ????????? 2 ?? 1 ?????? 0
??
???? ??? OXY ? ACID ? ALK ??? COR ????? W ????
22???????????
P - Pinpointing pupils x S - Salivation x L -
Lacrimation (tearing) x U - Urination x x D -
Defecation x x G - Gastrointestinal pain and
gas x x E - Emesis (vomiting) x x M - Muscle
twitching x x C - Convulsions x x
?? ??
23??(GB)?????
?? 1.07 x 106m3 100 mg-min/m3 107 ??, ? 26
?? ??? 12,000 m3 100 mg-min/m3 1.2 ??, ? 5
? ???? 400 m3 100 mg-min/m3 33 ?, (50-100 ???)
? 1 ??
24????????
25??????
- ????
- ??????????,?????????????
- ???????????????
- ???????
- ???????,?????Lewisite?????
26??????
- ????
- ????????????
- ?????
- ??????????,???????????
- ?????????
27????
- ?????????
- ????????,???????
- ???????????
28????????(HMI) vs NBC??????
? ? HMI NBC
??????? ?
???? ?
?????? X
???? ?
???? ?
?????????????? ?
???? ?
29????????(HMI)vs NBC??????
? ? HMI NBC
?????????
?????????????? ?
?????? ?
?? ?
???? ?
?????????? ?
?????? ?
X ?
30?????????????
31?????????????
- ????????????
- ?????????
- ????????(Personal protective equipment,PPE)
- ????????????
- ?????????
32????
- ??
- ????
- ?? / ??
- ??????
- ????
- ??
- ???????
- ??
- ??,?????
- PPE
- ??
- ??
33?????????
- ???????????
- ????????????????
- ?????,??,??????
- ??????????????
- ???????????????????
34? ?
- ??????????????
- ?????,??
- ?????
- ?????
- ?????
- ?????
- ?????
- ???
- PPE
- ??
35??????-???
- ??????????? ??????????
- ??????????????????
- ????????,??,??
36??????-???
- ???????????????
- ?????????????????????
- ??????????
- ????????? SOP
- ????????
- ???, ????, ????
- ????,??,??,????
37??????-???
- ??????
- ?EMS,??,????????
- ????????????
- ?????????
- ???????
38??????-???
- ???????
- ?? PPE ??????????
- ??????????
- ????????????????
39??????-???
- ????????????????????
- ??????,???,??,??,?????????
- ?????????????
40??
- ????, ???????????????????????????
- ????
- ???????????????????
- ???????????
- ???????????
- ????????????
41??,?????
- ????????????????
- ?????
- ???
42??,?????
- ????????
- ???????
- ???????
- ??
- ???????
- ???????
- ???????
- ???
43??,?????
- ????
- ????????
- ?????
- ???
- ????
- ?????
- ??????????
- ????
44?????? (PPE)
45? ?
- ???????????????????
- ??????????????PPE
46? ? PPE ? ? ?
- ????
- ??,??,??,???
- ????
- ??????
- ??
- ??
- ??/???
- ???????
- ????
- ?????
- ????
47PPE????
- ?????PPE
- ?????PPE
- PPE???
- ????
48???PPE
- ????
- ??????????
- ?????????
- NBC?????????
- ?????????,??????????
49??????(SCBA)??????
- ??????? (PF ? 10,000)
- ??????
- ?????????/??????(PF 10)
50?????????
????
?????????
?? ??? ??? ??? ???
LEVEL A1 LEVEL A/B2 LEVEL A/B2 LEVEL B3 LEVEL B3
1 Typical standard employed by HAZMAT teams 2
Level B ???/???,???????????? 3 ?????????Level A
51? ?
- ??????????
- ???????
- ?????????
- ????
- ????
- ??????
52? ?
- ?? vs. ????
- ??????
- ????vs.?????
- ????
- ? vs. ???
- ??????
53? ?
- ?????????
- ?????
- ?????
- ???????
- ??????
- ??????
54? ? ? ? ? ? ?
- ??????
- ?????
- ????
- ????
- ????
- ????????
55? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
- ???????
- ????
- ????
- ????
- ????
- ??????
56???????
- PPE
- SCBA????Level B???
- ????(???????)
- ??????
- ???????
- ???????
57??????????
- ???(warm zone),???(hot zone)???,?????
- ??,???
- ??,????
- ??????
- ?????????
- ????
- ??--?????
58??????????
??,????
???
??
??
??
??
??
59? ? ? ?
- ??????,????
- ????,???
- ?????????,??
- ???????????
- ??,????,????
- ?????????
-
60? ? ? ?
- ?????
- ????
- ????
- ??????
- ???????????
61????????????
- ???--????
- ???
- ???,???
- ???,??????
- ????
- ???????????
- ??????
62??????(??)
???,??????
?
??????,????,???????,??????
????
??????,????,???????????,???????????
????,??????????????????????????????
63??????????
- ????,?????
- ????????
- ?????????
- ?????????
- ?????
64??????(?????)
- ? ? ? ?
- ? ? -------
- ???? ?? -------
- ??? ?? ???
65? ? ? ? ? ?/? ? ?
- ???????,??????
- ???????????
- ????,??,??
- ?????50.5???
- ???
- ???,???
- ??????
66? ? ? ? ?
- ????????(MCD)
- ???????????????
- ?????????
- ????
- ???????
- ??,?????
- ??????
67??????????
- ????????
- ?????????
- ????????
- ??????
- ???????
68??????????(?)
- ?????
- ????
- ??????,????,???
- ????
- ??????
- ????
- ?????
69??????????
???2-1/2??????
??????
??????
??
??? ????
70? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
- ??????????
- ??????
- ????
- ????
71??????????
72? ?
- ????
- ??????????
- ???????
- ??????????????????
- ??????????
73? ? ? ? ? ?
- M9?M8???????
- ???????
- ?????
- ????????
- ???????
V
G
H
L
74? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
- Wet chemistry ????????
- ?????
- ???
- ????
75M256A1? ?
- ??
- ????????,?????
- ????IDLH??
- ??
- ??15??
- ????
- ????????
- ????
- ????
- ????????
76? ? ?
- ??
- ??,????????????????
- ??,??(ppm)?????????
- ??????
- ??
- ??
- ??8?????
- ????
- ?????
- ????????
77? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
78? ? ? ? ? ? ?
- ??
- ????????????
- ?????IDLH??
- ???
- ??
- ???
- ??????(Survey)??
- ???????
- ????
- ???????
- ???????
79?????(Gas Chromatograph)??????(Mass Spectrometer
- ????????(MINICAMS)
- ??? GC/MS
- ?????
80?????????(ppm)
GA
GB
GD
VX
AC
CK
H
L
CX
CG
Cl
0.0001
0.00001
0.000001
0.0000001
0.001
0.01
1.0
10.0
100.0
1000.0
0. 1
TWA/AEL
LD50
IDLH
M256
GC/MS
ICAM
Draeger
81???????
- ??
- ??
- ???/???
- ???????
- ????
- PPE???
- ?????
- ??????
- ???
- ????
82???????
- ????
- ?????
- ????(??pH???, ?????,
- ????.)
- ???????(M8, M9)
- ????????(CAM)
- ????(M256A1),???
- GC/MS???
(Janess NBC protective equipment,www.janes.com)
83? ? ? ? ? ?
84?????????
- ????
- ???????
- ????
- ??????
- ???????????
85?????(DWH)??
86??DWH?????
?? ?? ?? ??
? ?12mph 8-11mph 5-7mph
????? ??? ?? ??
?? lt 400F 400-700F gt700F
?? ?? Transitional ??
?? ?????(??) ???? ????? ????? ??
?? ??,??????,?? ???? ??????
?? ???? ???? ??
?? VX1??? ????? ??
?? ?? ?? ??
87? ? ? ? ? ?
- ?????????
- ??????????
- ???,????????
- ????????
- ????????
88? ?
- ????
- ??????????
- ???????(??????)
- ??(????)
??
??
??
??
??
??
??
??
??
??
??
1017 ??
200 ft.
0.2 mi.
0.5 mi.
600 ft.
0.5 mi.
1.9 mi.
1051 ????? (Hydrogen cyanide)
1.7 mi.
0.4 mi.
600 ft.
0.5 mi.
0.1 mi.
200 ft.
1076 ??
6.2 mi.
1.4 mi.
1100 ft.
1.7 mi.
0.4 mi.
400 ft.
7.0 mi.
4.6 mi.
2000 ft.
5.5 mi.
1.2 mi.
700 ft.
2810 ????????? (????,?????)
89? ? ? ?
- ???????????,????
- ?????
- ??????
- ??????
- ????
90? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
- ??
- ??(?????)
- ????
- ?,??????????
- ???????
- ?????
- ?????
91????
- ??????????????
- ???????????
- ????????
- ??????????????
- ????????????
- ?????
- ????
92Triage - Hospital Arrivals
- ???????????
- ??????
- ???????????
- ?????????
93Nerve Agent Triage - Immediate
- Unconsciousness or convulsions
- Two or more body systems involved
Rapid intervention should result in a good outcome
94Nerve Agent Triage - Delayed
- Initial symptoms are improving (miosis still
present) - Recovering well from pre-hospital antidote therapy
95Nerve Agent Triage -Minimal Expectant
- Minimal
- Walking and talking which indicates intact
breathing and circulation
- Expectant
- Apneic for more than 5 minutes
- No pulse or blood pressure
96 Mustard Triage
- Delayed
- 2 to 50 BSA burns by liquid
- Eye involvement
- Minimal
- lt 2 BSA burns by liquid in non-critical areas
- Immediate
- Moderate to severe pulmonary symptoms
- Expectant
- gt 50 BSA burns by liquid apneic / pulseless
97Triage - ??????
- ??????????
- ??
- ??
- ??,????
- ?????????
- ?????????????
98????
- ???????????
- ????????
- ????????
- ????????????,????PPE???
99??/??
- ????? ???????????????????????
- PPE
- ??/ ???
- ???
- ??????????
- ????????????
- ???????????
100?????????
- ??????????
- ?????????
- ???
- ???
- ?????
20
10
13
12
15
3
14
5
9
19
18
7
17
11
4
6
1
16
8
2
101?????
- ????????????
- ??
- ?????
- ?????
- ????????
EVIDENCE
102? ?
- ????,?????
- ?????
- ?????/????
- ????
- DONT WAIT FOR A DISASTER TO HAPPEN!
103CONCLUSION
- ??????????????????????????????
- ????????????
- ???????
- ?????????????