Muscular Control of Movement

1
Muscular Control of Movement
2
Review of Anatomy

• Types of Muscles
• Smooth blood vessels and organs
• Cardiac heart
• Skeletal muscles
• for movement

3
Review of Anatomy

• Skeletal Muscle
• 600 Skeletal Muscles
• Voluntary Movement
• Origin / Insertion
• 75 H2O, 20 Prot.

4
The Structure of Skeletal Muscle

• Epimysium
• Covers the entire muscle
• Perimysium
• Covers the Fasciculi
• Endomysium
• Covers the muscle fiber
• Sarcoplasm
• Surrounds the myofibril

5
The Structure of a Muscle Cell

• Sarcoplasm
• Transverse Tubules
• Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
• Myofibril
• Sarcomere
• Myosin (heads)
• Actin (tropomyosin, troponin)

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The Sliding Filament Theory

• Motor nerve impulse
• motor nerve releases ACh to sarcolemma
• Depolorization causes chain reaction
• sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium
• calcium binds with troponin
• troponin lifts tropomyosin
• myosin heads bind with actin (cross bridge)
• Power Stroke is the tilting of the myosin head

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The Sliding Filament Theory

• Energy is required for muscle action
• the myosin head binds to ATP, and ATPase found on
  the head splits ATP into ADP and P, releasing
  energy for muscle contraction.
• Calcium releases for muscle relaxation
• calcium is pumped out of the sarcoplasm and back
  into the sarcoplasmic reticulum for storage,
  which requires ATP.

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Slow Twitch vs Fast Twitch

• FTa, FTb, FTc
• fast ATPase
• large SR
• large motor neuron
• more fibers per unit
• anaerobic power
• pink or white in color
• glycolytic enzymes

• STo
• slow ATPase
• small SR
• small motor neuron
• less fibers per unit
• aerobic endurance
• red color - capillaries
• B oxidation enzymes

9
Muscle Fiber Recruitment

• Motor units consists of a single motor neuron
  and all of the muscle fibers is supplies.
• All-or-None Response
• Gradation of recruitment
• force production is due to the number of fibers
  recruited, not the force generated by each fiber
• conditioning response training effects the
  coordination and recruitment of muscles for
  specific activities
• FTb FTc fibers arent easily recruited

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Generation of Force

• number of motor unit
• types of motor units
• size of the muscle
• muscles initial length
• angle of the joint
• muscles speed
• stretch reflex

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Use of Muscles

• Types of Movement
• agonists
• antagonists
• synergists

• Types of Contraction
• concentric
• static
• eccentric

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Requirements For Large Muscle Development

• Proper Nutrition
• 65 CHO, 20 Fat, 15 Protein
• Resistance Training
• Genetics
• Hormonal Secretion Levels
• testosterone
• androgens

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ACSM Strength Guidelines

• Frequency 2-3 days/week
• Intensity
• 85 of max for strength
• 75 of max for muscular power (method)
• 50 - 65 of max for muscular endurance
• Time
• 30 - 90 sec. per set / 8 - 12 reps per set
• work to rest ratio 14
• Specificity resistance type

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Strength Training Myths

• Strength training will cause muscle boundness
• Women who strength train will become masculinized
• Strength training reduces speed
• No pain - No gain
• It takes hours of daily training to gain muscle
  mass
• Food supplements will speed up muscle development
• Anabolic steroids are safe and effective
• Amino Acids are safe and effective

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Types of Training

• Isometric
• Isotonic
• Isokinetic
• Plyometrics

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Modes of Training

• Free weights
• Nautilus
• Hydraulics
• Friction
• Rubber tubing
• Cybex
• Bow-flex
• Box-jumps
• Hydrotherapy
• Etc.