Cancer

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Cancer

• Strategies for Nutritional Prevention and
• Early Detection

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What is Cancer?

• There are many different kinds of cancer.
• Cancer can affect many different organ systems
  within the body.
• It does this by causing cells, which are the
  bodys basic units, to become abnormal.
• These abnormal cells then divide without control,
  forming large masses that disrupt normal body
  functioning.
• These cells can also travel in the blood, and
  spread the cancer to other body parts (called
  metastasis).

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Cancer Cell
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Esophageal Cancer

• Major risk factors smoking and alcohol abuse
• Other risk factors irritation, for example from
  gastric reflux
• Symptoms pain or difficulty when swallowing,
  weight loss, hoarseness, chronic coughing,
  vomiting, and/or coughing up blood
• Detection x-ray, endoscopy, biopsy
• Treatment surgery, radiation therapy,
  chemotherapy, laser therapy, photodynamic therapy

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Gastrointestinal Tract
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Stomach Cancer

• Symptoms heartburn, indigestion, pain in
  abdomen, nausea, vomiting, constipation or
  diarrhea, bloating of the stomach after meals,
  loss of appetite, weakness and fatigue, and/or
  vomiting blood or having blood in the bowels.
• Detection x-rays, endoscopy, stool test (to
  check for blood), biopsy
• Treatment Variable. May include surgery,
  chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy.

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Colorectal Cancer

• Risk factors advancing age, diets high in fat
  and calories but low in fiber, presence of
  intestinal polyps (benign growths), family
  history, history of ulcerative colitis
  (inflammation of the wall of the colon)
• Symptoms bowel troubles (change in bowel habits,
  constipation, diarrhea, and/or stools that are
  narrower than usual), blood in bowels, abdominal
  discomfort (cramping, bloating, and/or an unusual
  sense of fullness), weight loss, constant
  fatigue
• Detection and treatment Since colorectal cancer
  develops gradually from benign polyps, early
  detection and removal of polyps is key. Exams,
  colonoscopies, x-rays, biopsies, and stool tests
  are used for diagnosis. Treatment can involve
  surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.

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Adenocarcinoma of Colon
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Colon Polyp
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Liver Cancer

• Risk Factors history of cirrhosis (for example,
  from alcohol abuse), malnutrition, and/or chronic
  hepatitis B
• Symptoms tiredness, dull aching pain in upper
  right side of abdomen, feeling of fullness in
  abdomen, loss of appetite, weight loss, fever,
  nausea, and/or jaundice (yellow tinting of the
  skin from decreased liver function)
• Detection physical exam, biopsy, blood test
• Treatment surgery, chemotherapy, radiation
  therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of
  methods

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Liver Cancer
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Pancreatic Cancer

• The pancreas is composed of two parts
• The endocrine pancreas produces hormones that
  help our bodies to store and retrieve energy from
  food
• The exocrine pancreas produces enzymes we need
  to break down food. 95 of all pancreatic
  cancers begin here.
• Symptoms nausea, loss of appetite, weight loss,
  pain in the upper or middle of the abdomen,
  and/or jaundice (from liver blockage).
• Detection exam, biopsy, and/or scans
• Treatment surgery, chemotherapy, radiation

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Kidney Cancer

• Rareabout 3 of all cancers. Smoking is a major
  risk factor.
• Symptoms blood in urine, pain in side that wont
  go away, and/or a lump that can be felt in the
  abdomen
• If caught early, surgery often cures this cancer.

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Lung Cancer

• Fact Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer
  death among Americans.
• Major risk factor SMOKING! (accounts for more
  than 80 of cases)
• Another risk factor diets low in fruits and
  vegetables
• Symptoms persistent cough, chest, shoulder,
  and/or back pain (which may or may not be related
  to coughing), difficulty breathing, coughing up
  blood, fatigue, hoarseness
• Detection x-ray, scans, biopsy
• Treatment Variable. Includes surgery,
  radiation, and chemotherapy.

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Lung Cancer
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Male Genitourinary Tract
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Prostate Cancer

• Fact It is the second most common kind of cancer
  in men in the U.S. (skin cancer is 1st).
• The prostate is a male sex gland that produces
  one component of semen. It surrounds the upper
  portion of the urethra, the tube that empties
  both urine and semen.
• Risk factors advancing age, family history,
  diets high in fat and low in fruits and
  vegetables
• Symptoms frequent, difficult, and/or painful
  urination, blood in urine and/or semen, pain or
  stiffness in lower back, painful ejaculation
• Detection rectal exam (to feel for changes in
  the size of the prostate), blood test, urine
  test, x-rays, biopsy
• Treatment surgery, radiation, and hormone therapy

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Testicular Cancer

• Fact Testicular cancer is the most common cancer
  in men aged 20-34.
• Fact There are 7500 new cases each year, but
  this cancer is completely curable if detected and
  treated early.
• Risk factors most common for ages 15-40,
  cryptorchidism, family history, HIV infection
• Symptoms a painless, pea-sized lump, testicular
  enlargement, and/or aching abdomen or scrotum
• Detection most testicular cancer is
  self-discovered self-exams should be done
  regularly
• Treatment surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

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Breast Cancer

• Fact Men also get breast cancer, and 20 of men
  with breast cancer have female relatives with the
  disease.
• Risk factors more common in women, family
  history, advancing age, radiation exposure, high
  levels of estrogen in the body (for example, from
  oral contraceptive use, estrogen replacement
  therapy, lack of physical exercise, and alcohol
  abuse), smoking, high fat and/or calorie diet
• Detection
• Age 20 and older monthly breast self-exam, plus
  yearly breast exam by health professional
• Age 40 and older same as above, plus a yearly
  mammogram
• Treatment Variable, determined by extent of
  spread. Includes surgery, radiation, and
  chemotherapy.

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Breast Tumor
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Cervical Cancer

• The cervix is the lower, narrow part of the
  uterus that opens into the vaginal canal.
• Risk Factors smoking, large number of sexual
  partners, sexual activity starting at a young
  age, infection with human papillomaviruses
  (HPVs), weakened immune system (for example, from
  HIV infection)
• Symptoms often none, sometimes abnormal vaginal
  bleeding between menstrual periods
• Detection yearly pap smears
• These help detect precancerous abnormal
  cellswhich can then be removed with a simple
  surgical procedure before actual cancer can
  develop.
• Treatment surgery (very minor or major,
  depending on type, stage, and extent of spread),
  radiation

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Uterine Cancer

• Fact It is the most common cancer of the female
  reproductive tract.
• Fact It usually originates from cells of the
  endometrium, which is the inner lining of the
  uterus.
• Risk Factors most common in women over 50, those
  who are overweight, have had other types of
  cancers, have a history of endometrial
  hyperplasia, and/or have high levels of estrogen
  (for example, from some forms of hormone
  replacement therapytaking progesterone with
  estrogen, on the other hand, lowers the risk)
• Symptoms abnormal vaginal bleeding, pain during
  intercourse, pelvic pain, painful urination
• Detection yearly pelvic exam, biopsy if needed
• Treatment hormone therapy, surgery, radiation

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Uterine Cancer
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Skin Cancer

• Fact Skin cancer is the most common type of
  cancer in the U.S. (40 of all cancers). About
  half of all Americans will get skin cancer!
• Main cause ultraviolet rays from sun exposure
  (90 of cases caused by overexposure to sun)
• Risk factors excessive unprotected sun exposure,
  male gender, family history, radiation exposure,
  fair complexion
• Prevention limit sun exposure (by finding shade,
  and wearing covering clothing, sunglasses, and
  lip balm), regular self-checks

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Skin Cancer

• Detection
• Skin cancers do not all look alike.
• Any change in the skin, especially a new growth
  or coloration, is a warning sign.
• Common characteristics include asymmetry,
  irregular border, varied shades, and diameter
  larger than a pencil eraser.
• Skin cancer lesions rarely cause pain and are
  most often found on body parts exposed to the sun
  (although not always).
• If you find anything suspicious, see a physician!
• Treatment surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy

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Skin Cancer
A Melanoma
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Nutritional Prevention

• 1/2 of all men and 1/3 of all women in America
  will develop cancer in their lifetimes.
• Studies show that 40 percent of the cancers found
  in men and 60 percent of those found in women are
  related to what we eat.
• The types of cancer that have been to linked to
  dietary factors include cancer of the colon,
  prostate, ovary, uterus, breast, skin, vulva,
  kidneys, cervix, stomach, esophagus, mouth, and
  liver.

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Nutritional Prevention

• Less than 30 of your total calories should come
  from fat
• Bad fats can make cells divide faster, and can
  increase the production of free radicals within
  the body.
• Good fats, however, are important to
  eatsources include olive oil, canola oil, nuts,
  and fatty fish.
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Avoid alcohol
• Consume at least 25 grams of fiber every day
• Eating fiber helps to more quickly move
  cancer-causing compounds through the colon and
  out of the body.

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Nutritional Prevention

• Eat five to nine servings of fruits and
  vegetables every day
• They are high in fiber.
• They contain vitamins, antioxidants, and
  phytochemicals, which are natural cancer-fighting
  compounds.
• Limit consumption of barbecued, pickled,
  salt-cured, and smoked foods
• When you barbecue, fat from the meat drips onto
  the flames and produces polycyclic aromatic
  hydrocarbons these cancer-causing substances
  then rise with the smoke and settle on your food.
  
• Pickled, salt-cured, and smoked foods contain
  nitrates, which have been linked to stomach
  cancer.

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• Nutritional modifications can assist in
  prevention of cancers as well as slowing of
  cancer progression from early stages
• Vitamin C
• A potent antioxidant that neutralizes free
  radicals, protecting cells from damage which can
  lead to cancer
• Helps maintain a healthy immune system, which
  helps the body to guard itself against cancer
• In a New Orleans study, people with a high intake
  of Vitamin C (140 mgs) were half as likely to
  develop lung cancer as those taking 90 mgs.
• Sources fruits and vegetables
• Omega-3 Fatty Acids
• Sources fatty fish, walnuts, canola oil

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• Vitamin E
• An antioxidant, like Vitamin C
• In a study, women with double the intake of
  Vitamin E compared to a control group had a 33
  reduction in risk of developing colon cancer.
• Sources supplements, wheat germ, nuts and seeds
• Selenium
• Also an antioxidant
• Cuts the risk of lung, skin, breast, and prostate
  cancer
• Sources eggs, garlic, seafood, grains, nuts
• Beta Carotene
• Also an antioxidant
• Sources fruits and vegetables (especially
  orange, yellow, and dark green leafy vegetables)