Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

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Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
G. Tyler Millers Living in the Environment 14th
Edition Chapter 18
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Section 1 The Importance of Improving Energy
Efficiency

• What is energy efficiency? How much energy do we
  waste?
• What is life cycle cost?
• What is net energy efficiency?

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What is energy efficiency?

• Energy efficiency is the measure of the useful
  energy produced compared to the energy converted
  to low quality--- usually heat.
• Using energy to do work, not produce heat.

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What is energy conservation?

• Implementing new technology to do same work using
  less energy.
• Heating homes more efficiently
• Driving more efficient cars
• Lightning spaces more efficiently
• SAVES , produces less pollution, reduces CO2

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Energy Conservation

• 84 of commercial electricity is wasted in U.S.
• 41 of energy is automatically wasted due to 2nd
  Law Of Thermodynamics
• 43 is wasted unnecessarily

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Advantages of Reducing Energy Waste
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The Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency

• Energy efficiency

• Net energy efficiency

Least Efficient

• Incandescent lights

• Nuclear power plants

• Internal combustion engine

Fig. 18-3 p. 381
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Energy Efficiencies (Fig. 18-5 p. 381)
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Life Cycle Costs

• Initial Cost plus the lifetime cost.
• Some energy efficient models may cost more up
  front, but save money in the long run.

Civic Hybrid vs. Conventional Gas
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Net Energy Efficiency

• Measure of how much useful energy we get from
  energy resource after subtracting the energy
  wasted.
• How much energy you get out given ALL the wasted
  energy.

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Comparing Efficiency of 2 Types of Space Heating
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Section 2 Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency Key
Concepts

• How can we save energy in industry?
• How can we save energy in transportation?
• How can we design buildings to save energy?
• How can we save energy in existing buildings?
• Why are we still wasting so much energy?

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Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency

• Cogeneration

• Efficient electric motors

• High-efficiency lighting

• Increasing fuel economy

• Alternative vehicles

• Insulation

• Plug leaks

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How can industry save energy?

• Cogeneration combining heat and power systems
• Improving electric motor efficiency (consumes
  1/4th of energy)
• Improving light fixtures

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How can we save energy in transportation?

• CAFÉ Standards need to be increased.
• Increase to 40 mpg in 10yrs would cut consumption
  in half (could eliminate imports from Middle East)

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Average Fuel Economy of New Vehicles Sold In U.S.
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Price of Gas in 1993 Dollars
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Hybrid and Fuel Cell Cars

• Hybrid electric-internal combustion engine

Hybrid-electric cars are powered by a battery and
a small ICE that recharges the battery.
Fig. 18-9 p. 385
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Toyota Prius
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Ford Escape Hybrid
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Fuel Cell Cars

• Fuel cell cars run on hydrogen and produce little
  pollution.
• Combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce
  electricity and water vapor.

Ford Focus Fuel Cell Car
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Fuel Cells
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GMs prototype future fuel cell car. No engine
noise, no pollution, no greenhouse gasses.
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How can we Design More Efficient Buildings?

• Chicagos Sears Tower uses more energy in a day
  than a city of 150,000
• Atlantas Georgia Power Company uses 60 less
  energy than other buildings it size.

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How can we Design More Efficient Buildings?

• We can save energy in buildings by
• Getting heat from the sun
• Insulating well
• Using plants for shade and wind blockage

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How can we Design More Efficient Buildings?

• Super insulated house
• Costs 5 more to build
• Can use 90 less energy for heating and cooling
• Green Roofs
• Plants or gardens on roof help insulate from heat
  in summer and cold in winter

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An infrared photo showing heat loss (red, white
and orange) around windows, doors, roofs.
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How can we save energy in existing buildings?

• We can save energy in existing buildings by
• insulating them
• plugging leaks
• using heating, electricity, cooling, appliances
  and lighting more efficiently

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Insulate and plug leaks

• 1/3rd of heated air in U.S. homes is lost through
  windows, holes and cracks.
• Insulating and plugging holes is the easiest and
  cheapest ways to save energy.

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Use Efficient Windows

• Double pained, insulating windows cost more, but
  can save money in the long run.

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Heat House More Efficiently

• Using the most efficient heating system
  available.
• Some natural gas furnaces can reach 85-98
  efficiency

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Heat Water More Efficiently

• There are several new technologies to heat water
  more efficiently
• Tankless, instant heaters
• Well insulated tank

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Use Energy Efficient Lighting and Appliances

• Microwaves, refrigerators, washers, driers,
  lights all come with energy star labels
• ¼ of electricity bill is lighting

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Cut Off Electrical Devises Not In Use

• When not using lights, computers, TVs and other
  electrical devises they should be turned off.

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Review Section 2

• How can we save energy in industry?
• How can we save energy in transportation?
• How can we design buildings to save energy?
• How can we save energy in existing buildings?
• Why are we still wasting so much energy?

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Section 3 Producing Energy With Solar Power Key
Ideas

• What are the main types of renewable energy?
• How can we use direct solar energy to heat and
  cool homes?
• How can we use solar energy to produce
  electricity?
• What are solar cells?
• What are advantages and disadvantages of solar
  cells?

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What are the main types of renewable energy?

• The next several sections we will go through
• Solar Energy
• Flowing Water
• Wind
• Biomass
• Geothermal
• Hydrogen
• Other possible renewable energy sources.

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What are the main types of renewable energy?

• EU by 2020 22 renewable
• CA gets 12 from renewable (20 by 2020)
• Union of Concerned Scientists study said 20 by
  2020 is possible

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Using Solar Energy to Provide Heat

• Passive solar heating absorbs and stores heat
  from the sun directly within the structure
• Has been used for thousands of years.

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Using Solar Energy to Provide Heat

• Active Solar absorbs heat energy from sun by
  pumping heat absorbent fluid through collectors.
• Great for hot water heaters in warmer climates

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Using Solar Energy for Electricity
Solar energy can be converted directly into
electricity using PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS (PV) or
Solar Cells Sunlight energizes electron to
flow in a semi conductor producing an electrical
current
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Using Solar Energy for Electricity
Solar Cells can be incorporated into roofing and
windows. High costs are expected to
fall Currently only supply 0.05 of world
electricity
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Using Solar Energy for Electricity
Great for rural locations BP in 2004 began to
mass produce cells With increased RD and
government help --- 25 by 2040???
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Using Solar Energy for Electricity

• Solar Thermal Systems large solar arrays in
  sunny areas can produce high-temperature heat
  for
• Electricity
• Hot water
• Heating
• Wash Machines

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Using Solar Energy for Electricity

• Solar thermal systems

• Photovoltaic (PV) cells

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Producing Electricity From the Water Cycle
Section 4 Key Concepts

• How can we produce electricity from flowing
  water?
• What are advantages and disadvantages of
  hydropower?
• What is tidal and wave power?

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Producing Electricity from Moving Water

• Large-scale hydropower

• Small-scale hydropower

• Tidal power plant

• Wave power plant

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Renewable Hydropower

• Water flowing in rivers and streams can be
  trapped in reservoirs behind a dam and released
  to spin turbines to produce electricity.
• In 2002, hyrdro accounted for 20 of world
  electricity (Norway 99, U.S. 7 -- 50 in west)

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Renewable Hydropower

• According to UN only 13 of potential hydropower
  has been developed
• Large Scale Hydro Power has been curtailed
  recently by environmental concerns

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Large-scale Hydroelectric Power Trade-offs
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Reviewing the Trade-offs of Hydropower Dams
Fig. 15-9 p. 313
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Hoover Dam
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Tidal Power

• Using the twice daily natural rise and fall of
  tidal waters to produce power.
• Newer concept
• Lot of potential in certain tidal regions.
• Problems???

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Tidal Power
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Wave Power

• Using the constant wave action along shorelines
  to produce power.
• Another form of wind power.
• Problems???

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Producing Electricity from Wind Section 5 Key
Concepts

• What is the global status of wind power?
• How does wind produce electricity?
• What are advantages and disadvantages of using
  wind for electricity production?

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Producing Electricity from Wind

• Since 1995, the use of wind turbines to produce
  electricity has grown sevenfold.
• Worlds fastest growing energy source
• Europe leading the way in use and manufacturing

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Producing Electricity from Wind

• India use growing rapidly.
• Much of the winds power remain untapped
• Great Plains of U.S. DOE called Saudi Arabia of
  Wind
• With government help 25 by 2025?

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Producing Electricity from Wind
New Source of revenue for many farmers.
Fig. 18-23 p. 396
Fig. 18-24 p. 397
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Members of Alameda County's avian-mortality
monitoring team count dead birds at Altamont
Pass. Photo courtesy of Alameda County
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Altamont Pass California
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Atlantic City
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http//www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/windpoweri
ngamerica/where_is_wind_new_jersey.asp
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Producing Energy from Biomass

• Biomass and biofuels

• Biomass plantations

• Crop residues

• Animal manure

• Biogas

• Ethanol

• Methanol

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Geothermal Energy

• Geothermal heat pumps

• Geothermal exchange

• Hot water

• Molten rock (magma)

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Section 8 Hydrogen Key Ideas

• Can hydrogen replace oil?
• How can hydrogen be used for power?
• What are advantages and disadvantages of using
  hydrogen?

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The Hydrogen Revolution

• Environmentally friendly hydrogen

• Extracting hydrogen efficiently

• Storing hydrogen

• Fuel cells

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The Hydrogen Revolution
Fig. 18-31 p. 403
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