???? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????????????? ? ???????????? ???????

1
???? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????????????? ?
??????????????????? ??????????????????????????
? ??????1 ??? ????????

• ??????
• ?.?.?????????,
• ?.?.????????,
• ?.?.?????????

2
Slide 1. Introducing and Greeting People
(1).Formal

• A Ms. Blake,'let me intro'duce Mr. Jones.
• 'may I intro'duce Mr. Jones.
  
• Ms. Blake 'How do you do?
• Mr. Jones 'How do you do? 'Pleased to
  meet you.
• OR
• A 'Let me intro duce myself. I am 'John
  Thompson.
• B 'How do you do? I am 'Kate
  Martin.
• A 'How do you do?

3
Slide 2. Introducing and Greeting People
(2).Neutral

• A Jane, 'meet 'Tanya Smith.
• B He llo, Tanya. 'Nice/'pleased to
  meet you.
• Informal
• A Hi, I am Jack.
•  B Hi, I am Sasha.

4
Slide 3. Unit 1. How Are You?neutral inquiry
about ones healthinformal How are things?
(??? ?????) How are you doing? (??? ??????????)

• COMPARE
• 1. A 'How are you?
•  B I am fine, thank you. And
  you?
• 2. A 'How are things?
• B 'Fine, thanks. 'What about
  you?
• A Fine./'Not too bad.

5
Slide 4. ?????????? please, thank you, etc.

• Situation 1. (At the table) You are offered
  something.
• Your answer Yes, ?please. Or Thank you.
• 'No, thank you.
• Situation 2. (At the table, etc) You are asked
  to pass something.
• Your answer Here you are. (American
  There you are).
• Situation 3. Somebody says thank you for your
  service, etc. Your answer You are
  welcome. 'Dont mention it.
• 'Thats al right. My pleasure.'Not at
  all.

6
Slide 5. Saying Hello and Good-bye.

• Formal
• Good morning/ Morning. Good 'after
  noon.Good evening/ Evening. Good- bye.
• Neutral
• He llo, Jack/everybody. Good night.
• Good luck. 'Have a nice/good day
  (evening, week-end, trip, etc.)
• Informal
• Hi, Jane! See you (later). 'Take
  care. Bye - bye. Bye.

7
Slide 6. General (Yes/No) Questions I
Structure
Do Was 'Have you 'Moscow your 'family 'speak 'founded been French? in 1147? to London?
BUT Are you a student?
8
Slide 7.General (Yes/No) Questions II
Intonation pattern examples
9
Slide 8. Unit 2. Special (Wh-) Questions.
Structure
Question Word
Subject
Auxiliary Verb
Verb


?

'When 'Why 'Which places was do did Moscow Aust'ralians you founded? speak English? visit there?
10
Slide 9. Unit 2. Questions in which who/what is
used as the subject.
Structure
Who/ What
Verb

?
'Who 'What discovered Aust ralia? is to the north of the USA?
11
Slide 10. WAYS TO SPEAK ABOUT THE PAST.
The Basics
PAST SIMPLE I read a book yesterday. ????? ? ????? ?????. ????
PAST CONTINUOUS I was reading a book when you called. ????? ?? ????????, ? ????? ?????. ???????
PAST PERFECT I realized I had read the book before. ? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ???????????????
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS I had been reading the book for two days when he asked me to return it. ? ????? ????? ??? ???, ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??. ??????? ???????????????
12
Slide 11. PAST SIMPLE.
??????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ?. ????? ???????? ? 1897 ????.   ??? ??????????? ? ???? ???????? ???????? ???.   ? ????? XIX ???? ?????????????? ????? ????? ???????. S. Maughams first novel appeared in 1897. She worked for the company for twenty years. In the late 19th century, Great Britain had a lot of colonies.
??? ???????????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ? ?????? ??-?? ?????. They finished breakfast and rose from the table.
?????????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ????? ?????????? ??? ? ???. He travelled to Paris twelve times a year.
13
Slide 12. Unit 3. Making small talk (1).

• Conversation starters.
• Talking about the weather
• 'Isnt it a 'lovely day?
• 'Beautiful day, isnt it?
• What 'lovely/'nice weather,
  isnt it?
• It 'looks like its 'going to rain/
  snow.
• I 'hear theyre 'fore'casting
  thunderstorms/ showers all weekend.

14
Slide 13. Unit 3. Making small talk (2).

• Talking about current events
• Have you 'heard the news today/did you
  'hear the news today?
• Have you 'heard/did you 'hear about the
  blackout/the floods?
• I 'hear they have 'opened a 'new exhi bition
  hall at the Tretyakov Gallery.
• I 'read in the paper today they are
  'going to 'build a 'new shopping mall.
• 'What do you 'think about the 'new 'Stephen
  Spielberg film?

15
Slide 14. Unit 3. Making small talk (3).

• At a social event
• Are you en joying yourself?
• 'Pretty 'nice place, isnt it?
• Have you 'tried their sushi? Its de
  licious!
• Have you 'known the 'Browns long?
• This 'dress 'suits you 'very well. Can I
  'ask 'where you got it?
• How 'long have you been 'coming to this con
  vention (conference, workshop, etc.)?

16
Slide 15. Unit 3. Making small talk (4).

• Exit lines
• Thats my bus/ train/etc. Must be
  going.
• Theyve just an'nounced my flight. Must
  be going.
• There are a 'few 'people here I 'havent 'said
  he llo to yet.
• I have to 'say he llo to some people.
• Can I 'get you a/another drink?
• I 'skipped lunch today so I 'need to
  'go to the buffet (bVfeI).
• Ex cuse me for a moment, I 'need
  to have a quick 'word with Mr. Smith.
• Will you ex cuse me for a moment?

17
Slide 16. Unit 3. ???????? sorry, excuse me, I
beg your pardon.

• Situation 1. ????????, ???????(?).
• Formal I 'beg your pardon
• Neutral I am sorry.I am very/ awfully sorry.
  Ex cuse me.
• Informal I am sorry. Sorry.
• Situation 2. ????????, ??? ?? ????????
• Formal I beg your pardon/ Pardon?
• Neutral I am sorry? Ex cuse me?
  (Am.E)
• Informal Sorry?
• Situation 3. ????????, ?? ????? ?? ??
  (attracting attention).
• Formal Could I just trouble you for a
  moment?
• Neutral Ex cuse me. I am sorry.
• Informal. Sorry.

18
Slide 17. Unit 3. Intonation and Stress (1).

• A statement is normally pronounced with the
  falling tone on the Tonic. The Tonic is the
  syllable of the greatest stress.
• e.g. 'Most 'capitals are cosmo politan
  cities.
• Note such words as articles, one syllable
  prepositions, auxiliaries, modal verbs, most
  pronouns, etc. are NOT normally stressed.
• e.g. I 'dont 'know any French, but my
  English is good.
• The rhythm of an English sentence is such that
  stressed and unstressed syllables alternate.
• e.g.There are 'many 'ethnic 'groups in London.
• 
  
•  

19
Slide 18. Unit 3. Intonation and Stress (2).

• The Tonic is usually the last stressed word in a
  sentence, but the speaker can put emphasis on a
  different word to change the meaning.
• COMPARE 
• 1. He 'went to Cali'fornia to 'get sup plies.
• 2. He 'went to Cali fornia to get supplies.
•   OR
•  1. I knew you would help me. (you did)
• 2. I 'thought you would help me. (you did
  not)
•  

20
Slide 19. Unit 3. Intonation and Stress (3).

• Read the poem 
• And 'crossing the 'Channel one 'cannot say
• much
• For the French or the Spanish, the
  Danish
• or Dutch
• The 'Germans are Germans ,the 'Russians are
  red
• And the 'Greeks and I'talians eat garlic
  in bed
• The 'English are moral, the 'English are
  good
• And clever and modest and imisunder stood
   

21
Slide 20. Unit 3. Stating Ones Opinion.

• Useful phrases  
• I think Its my opinion that
• Im fairly certain I feel
• I believe Im pretty sure that
• State your opinion using a phrase from above.
  Decide
• which word is the Tonic.
• e.g. I think 'Moscow is a nice city to
  live in. OR I believe 'Moscow is a
  difficult city to live in.
• 1. Moscow is a nice/difficult city to live in.
• 2. People in the county/small towns/large cities
  are much friendlier than .
• 3. English people are cold and reserved/polite
  and friendly.
• 4. Young Europeans are more/less independent than
  young Russians.
• 5. University students have a lot more/less
  freedom than schoolchildren.
•  

22
Slide 21. Unit 3. Tag Questions Asking for
Opinion/Information.

• Tag questions are little questions at the end of
• a sentence.
• e.g. You are from Moscow, arent you?
• If the speaker is not sure of the truth of the
• statement, he/she makes they are asking a
• question using the rising tone at the end.
• e.g. You 'didnt 'take my book, did
  you? 'No, I didnt. 'Yes, I
  did.
• The 'Dutch can 'win the World Cup,
  cant they? 'Yes, they can. 'No, they
  cant.
•  Aust'ralia is a 'member of the Commonwealth,
  isnt it? 'Yes, it is.

23
Slide 22. Unit 3. Tag Questions Making a
Statement.

• If the speaker makes a statement he/she
• believes to be true and expects an agreement,
• the falling tone is used at the end.
• e.g. You are students, arent you?
  'Yes, we are.
•  'Traffic on' Monday mornings is awful,
  isnt it? 'Yes, it is.
•  'People havent landed on Mars yet,
  have they? 'No, they havent.

24
Slide 23. Unit 4. Asking for information
Indirect Questions.
Opening Phrase
Question Word
Subject
Verb


?

Do you 'know Id 'like to 'know when if/whether 'Great 'Britain 'Russia be'came an empire? had 'links with England in the 16th century.
25
Slide 24. Unit 5. Suggesting, Requesting,
Instructing.

• I 'wonder if it is 'possible to use your
  laptop?
• Would you 'mind if I 'used your phone?
• Do you 'think I could 'use your dictionary?
• Do you 'mind if I 'use your phone?
• Could you help us?
• I 'dont sup'pose youll be 'able to help
  us? /
• I sup 'pose you 'wont be 'able to help us?
• 'Will you 'wait for him in the lobby?
• 'Why dont you 'wait for him in the lobby?
• 'Is it all 'right if I 'use your
  dictionary?
• Can I 'use your phone?

Formal
Neutral
Informal
26
Slide 25. Unit 5. ??????? Certainly vs Of
course.

• Situation 1.
• A Can you give me his address?
• B Certainly!/ Of course I can.
• Situation 2.
• A Is 10 Downing Street the Prime Ministers
  address?
• B It certainly is. NOT Of course, it is.
• OR
• A Do you speak German?
• B Yes, I do.
•  Of course is not an appropriate answer if you
  are asked
• for information. Of course in this case implies
  that the
• answer is so evident that you shouldnt have
  asked about it!

27
Slide 26. Unit 5. Asking for Opinion.
You can ask someones opinion in the following
way
Question Word
Subject
do you think
Verb


?

'When 'Why 'Who do you think do you think do you think they the 'Dean will 'start winning? said it? will win the match?
28
Slide 27. Unit 5. Asking and answering negative
questions.

• 1. 'Dont you 'like the concert?
• 'Yes, I do.( ???, ????????)
• 'No, I dont. ( ??, ?? ????????)
• 2. You 'didnt know the man, did
  you?
• 'Yes, I did. ( ???, ????)
• 'No, I didnt. (??, ?? ????)
• 3. I sup'pose he 'hasnt bought the
  tickets?
• 'Yes, he has. ( ???, ?????)
• 'No, he hasnt. ( ??, ?? ?????)

29
Slide 28. Unit 6. Asking about ones plans. 

• Are you 'going to the party tomorrow?
• (implying that a decision would be welcome)
• Will you 'take 'part in .?
  (requesting/insisting)
• Will you be at the party tomorrow?
• Will I 'see you at the party tomorrow?

30
Slide 29. Unit 6. Giving and Accepting
Compliments.
Compliment formula 1
(really)
Is/looks
Noun Phrase
Adjective



Your'dress Your 'hair is 'looks 'really beautiful. great!
31
Slide 30. Unit 6. Giving and Accepting
Compliments.
Compliment formula 2
(really)
like/love
Noun Phrase
I



I I 'really 'like love your hairstyle. your new apartment.
32
Slide 31. Unit 6. Giving and Accepting
Compliments.
Compliment formula 3
(really)
Adjective
Noun Phrase
Pronoun



is

AND You 'handled it marvelously!
You ('really) 'did a 'good job.
You 'did great!
'Nice game.
33
Slide 32. Unit 6. Compliment Response
Formulas. 
1. adding extra information I bought it at Marks
and Spencer   2. playing it down Ive had this
dress for years.   3. shifting credit Ann did a
lot to help me with it.   4. asking a question Do
you really think so?   5. returning a compliment
AYour presentation was really good. B Thank
you. So was yours!
Thank you/Thanks

34
Slide 33. Unit 6. Giving and Accepting
Congratulations.
Occasion Congratulations Response
Birthday Congratulations! Happy birthday! / Many happy returns! / All the best. /Lots of good wishes. Thank you!/Thanks a lot!/ Thanks.
Wedding (Many) congratulations to you both (you and your bride/groom)./ We/I wish you every happiness /all the best for the future/I hope youll be very very happy together. Thank you! Nice of you to say so.
Getting a new jobGraduating from college/etc. Congratulations! I hope it goes well for you in your new job.  Congratulations! That was well deserved! Thank you.   Thank you.
35
Slide 33a. Unit 6. Giving and Accepting
Congratulations.
Occasion Congratulations Response
New Year Happy New Year! / A very Happy New Year to you all/everyone! All the best for a happy and healthy New Year! Health and happiness in New Year! Happy New Year to you too! / All the very best to you, too.
Christmas Merry Christmas! Have a happy white Christmas! Thank you. Merry Christmas to you, too!
Thanksgiving Happy Thanksgiving! Have a happy Thanksgiving! Thank you! Have a happy Thanksgiving, too.
36
Slide 34. Unit 7. Agreeing and
Disagreeing.Useful phrases to agree and disagree
with someones opinions
Agreeing strongly Agreeing partly Disagreeing Disagreeing strongly
Thats ('very) true. I ag ree with you there. Yes, I know e'xactly what you mean. You are 'absolutely right. Yes, but 'dont you 'think I ag ree with you, but I am a'fraid I 'dont quite ag ree with you. I 'dont think so. I 'dont see it quite like that. 'Thats just 'not true! 'Oh, 'come on! (infml)
37
Slide 34a. Unit 7. Agreeing and Disagreeing.
Useful phrases to agree and disagree with facts
Agreeing strongly Agreeing partly Disagreeing
You are 'absolutely right. I 'quite ag ree. Thats right. Right. Yes. E xactly I ag'ree 'up to a point, but 'thats 'not the 'whole picture. I am af'raid not. 'Not quite. Thats 'not the' whole picture.
38
Slide 35. Unit 7. ? ???? So do I/ Neither do I.

• Situation 1.
• 1) A I hate large parties!
• B 'So do I.
• 2) A I can 'speak 'English fluently.
• B 'So can I.
• Situation 2.
• 1) A I wouldnt 'like to 'join the army.
• B 'Neither would I.
• 2) A I have 'never been to the 'Middle
  East.
• B 'Neither have I.

39
Slide 36. Unit 7. Showing Interest.

• Useful words to show interest
• Right. Aha!
• OK. Really?
• Yes?
•  Another way of saying Really? is to repeat the
  auxiliary verb the other speaker has used.
• e.g.
• A I was the 'last to 'leave the party.
• B Were you?
• A I 'didnt return 'home until 'four in the
  morning!
• B Didnt you?

40
Slide 37. Unit 8. Using Fillers.
Formal Neutral Informal
So to speak If I may .. Actually, Well, In a sense, I mean You know Sort of Like Er
e.g. A Do you think we should throw a party for
our girls on the 8th of March? After all, it is
their day. Or flowers might be a better idea? B
Well, I am not really sure. I mean if it is a
surprise party we may find they have planned
something else for the day.
41
Slide 38. Unit 8. Using Hedges.

• Hedges are used to protect the speaker from the
  risk of
• seeming to be wrong,impolite, etc. They can also
  act as
• fillers. The most common hedges are

Generally speaking, If I may say so, Personally Correct me if I am wrong, . To be honest Sorry to interrupt but . I think/ I guess/ I believe/ I feel. If you know what I mean.
e.g. A Strictly speaking, I havent got much
experience of learning a foreign language but I
think that attending a summer language school
will do you a world of good. In an
English-speaking environment, your English will
definitely improve. B Correct me if I am wrong,
but you did go to a summer school in Brighton
last year but it wasnt much help. Was it?
42
Slide 39. Unit 9. Expressing Conviction.Useful
phrases
Formal Less Formal
I am convinced that I strongly/firmly believe that I firmly believe that I honestly feel that Im a strong/firm believer in Without a doubt I do think/believe that I really do feel/believe that My view is that . Definitely!
43
Slide 40. Unit 9. Expressing Conviction.Examples
of Use

• 1. I am con'vinced that 'fast 'food 'poses a
  'danger to 'human health.
• 2. I 'firmly be'lieve that we are 'not a lone
  in this vast universe ...3. I 'honestly 'feel
  that I've 'spent 'more 'time in my car this
  month than I 'have 'sitting on my sofa.
• 4. I am 'positive that 'change is good. ...
• 5. - Are you 'going to 'watch the game
  tonight?
• - Wi'thout a doubt!
• 6. I 'really 'feel 'mothers should 'stay at 'home
  with their 'young children.

44
Slide 41. Unit 9. Complaining.Useful phrases

• I am 'sorry to 'have to say this, but
• Ive 'got a 'bit of a problem here, you
  see
• Look, I am 'sorry to trouble you, but
• I 'wonder if you could help me (e.g.,
  there are no towels in my room)
• I 'don't 'want to 'make it of ficial,
  but...
• I 'don't 'want to 'take it any further/to
  of ficial channels, but.

45
Slide 42. Unit 9. Making and Accepting an
Apology.Useful phrases
I am ('ever so) sorry. I am ('most) 'awfully sorry. I 'cant 'say how sorry I am. I just 'dont 'know 'what to say. Im 'so sorry. Oh, 'thats al right, 'dont worry. Oh, 'thats al right, these 'things happen. Oh, 'never mind,it 'really 'doesnt matter.
46
Slide 43. Unit 10. Being Enthusiastic.Useful
words and phrases

• Lovely! Oh, 'thats lovely!
• Great! 'Thats great!
• Fan tastic! Oh, 'thats fan tastic!
• Marvellous! How marvellous!
• Wonderful! How wonderful!
• Ter rific! (infml.)
• e.g.
• A Mary has 'finally 'won in a lottery!
• B Oh, great!/ 'Thats fan tastic!/How
  wonderful!

47
Slide 44. Unit 10. Being Sympathetic.Useful
phrases

• LESS SERIOUS NEWS VERY SAD NEWS
• 'Oh, no! 'How awful!
• 'What a pity! 'How terrible!
• 'What a shame! That 'must have been
  awful!
• 'Poor you! I am 'really 'sorry to
  hear that.
• e.g.
• I. A I have 'failed in Maths. B 'What a
  pity!/ 'Oh, no!
• II. A Their 'airplane 'crashed when landing.
• B Oh, 'how terrible/ awful.
•  

48
Slide 46. Unit 11. Changing the Subject.Useful
phrases
Talking of That reminds me Oh, before I
forget By the way.

• e.g.
• A I 'watched a rather 'interesting programme on
  T V the other day. They 'talked about the
  dec'lining birth rate
• B 'Talking of T V, I 'bought a 'new
  flat-'screen
• 'T V yesterday.
• C Oh, it 'must have 'cost you a
  fortune!
• B 'Not really, 'though it was quite
  expensive.
• D Oh, 'that re minds me. 'That
  restaurant 'John 'chose for his wedding
  celebration. Thats what I ? call ex
  ?pensive.

49
Slide 47. Unit 11. Interrupting and Returning
to the Topic.Useful phrases
(1) Interrupting (2) Returning to the topic
Ex'cuse me for inter rupting, but 'Can I add something? 'Could I just 'come in here? 'Could I ask something? Sorry but . 'Any way In any case To 'get 'back to 'what I was saying 'Where was I? To re 'turn to Going 'back to what I was saying

50
Slide 48. Unit 11. Making Yourself
Clear.Useful phrases
What I (really) mean is What I am saying is What I meant was What I am trying to say is Sorry, let me explain Dont misunderstand me Dont get me wrong, what I meant to say was
e.g. A Com'puters are 'turning us into addicts. B 'What/'How do you mean? A 'What I mean/am 'trying to say is that 'many 'people 'stay 'glued to their P Cs in'stead of 'going 'out with friends.

51
Slide 49. Unit 12. Talking of Likes and
Dislikes.Useful phrases (neutral)
I (really) like I (really) love I (really) adore I (d) prefer Its my all-time favourite. I am (well) into (infml) I am mad about (infml) I am a fan of I dont like/love I dislike I hate I cant stand is rubbish

e.g. 1. I adore Mariah Carey! I hate how she
dresses sometimes, though. But I have been a fan
of hers since I was little! 2. I am well into
salsa this year. 3. Elton John really really
hates photographers. 4. Now I'd prefer Richard
Gere to Harrison Ford.
52
Slide 50. Unit 12. Talking of Likes and
Dislikes Giving a reason.Useful phrases
really (really, really) good great/amazing/fantast
ic/superb
He, She, They, It
is/are/was/were

• e.g.
• 1. She Anna Netrebko is fantastic. Her
  beautiful soprano voice is a joy to listen to.
• 2. Johnny Depp is by far the best actor ever. He
  plays so many different characters ...

53
Slide 51.PAST CONTINUOUS.
???????? ? ???????? ? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ? ??????????? ????? ? ??????? ? ????. ????? ? ??????? ?????, ??? ??? ??????? ? ???, ??????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?? ?????????. At eleven oclock, I was working in the garden. When I left school, they were still arguing about whether they should allow calculators in exams.
The particular time or period of time in the
past when a certain action was in progress can be
indicated in the sentence with the help of
another action expressed in the Past Simple.
54
Slide 52.PAST PERFECT vs PAST SIMPLE.
Uses Past Perfect Past Simple
Makes a sequence of events clear Describes the earlier action.  When we reached the airport, the plane had taken off. (The plane took off before our arrival.) Describes past events in the order they happened.  When we reached the airport, the plane took off. (The plane took off immediately after we reached the airport.)
In time clauses after when, after, as soon as Shows that the second action took place only after the first one was completed.  After he had given the police his name and address, he was allowed to go. Describes past events in the order they happened.  Soon after he returned to Japan, he began to write a mathematical textbook for advanced learners.
55
Slide 53.PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS.
????????, ??????? ???????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????, ????? ??????? ?????. They had been walking for over an hour when it began to rain.
????????, ??????? ???????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ? ???????. ????? ? ??? ??????????, ?? ?????, ??? ??? ???????. Her eyes were red, he could tell that she had been crying.
56
Slide 54. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS vs PAST
CONTINUOUS.
The Past Perfect Continuous shows that the action had been going on for some time before a particular past moment. The Past Continuous emphasizes that the action was in progress at that past moment.
His shoes were full of mud. It was clear that he had been digging in the garden. She couldnt answer the phone because she was digging in the garden.
57
Slide 55. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. Basic
patterns
Degree Pattern Examples
Positive as as not as/so as Revolution is as old as humanity. He is not so tall as his brother.
Comparative -er/more than   less than Their old place was smaller than my flat. Business is more exciting than any game. TV advertising is less effective than it was two years ago.
Superlative the est/most of/in/ever    the least of/in/ever Locating specific information is the easiest of all the reading strategies. Canterbury is one of the most attractive towns in Great Britain. What is the least popular pop group?
58
Slide 56. PARTICIPLE (- ING OR - ED) ADJECTIVES.
Verb ing Verb ed
describes what somebody or something is like (active meaning) describes how someone feels (passive meaning)
Lilys doctor has just given her some frightening news. ( the news frightened her) The frightened children were silent and pale. ( the children were frightened)
59
Slide 57. Modifiers used with comparatives.
Comparatives can be modified, that is made
stronger or weaker with the help of certain words
and phrases. The most commonly used modifiers are
given in the table below.
Style Modifiers Examples Russian
Neutral much / far   a little much/far more successful a little more successful ??????? ???????? (????? ????????) ??????? ???????? (????? ????????)
Informal a lot a bit a lot more successful a bit more successful ??????? ???????? ???? ????????
60
Slide 58. WAYS TO SPEAK ABOUT THE PRESENT.
The Basics
PRESENT SIMPLE She always/usually/ sometimes does the dishes after dinner. ??? ??????/ ??????/?????a ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????????? / ?????????? ???????? / c????????
PRESENT CONTINUOUS She is doing the dishes at the moment. ??? ?????? ???? ??????. ???????? ? ????????
PRESENT PERFECT She has already/just done the dishes. ??? ???/?????? ??? ?????? ??????. ???????? ? ??????? (?????? ????? ?? ???????)
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS She has been washing the dishes for fifteen minutes/ since 2 oclock. ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????/? ???? ?????. ????????, ?????????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????
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Slide 59. PRESENT SIMPLE.
?????????????/ ?????????? ???????? ? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ? ?????? ??? ? ???. ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???????. I swim in the lake every morning. They go to Italy once a year.  He never listens to what I say.
?????????? ????????/ ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ? ?????. ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ? ??????? My brother Henry lives in York. He hates shopping on a Saturday.
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Slide 60. PRESENT CONTINUOUS.
???????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ? ?? ????, ? ??? ?? ????????. I dont know what you are speaking about.
???????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ? ??????????? What are you doing in Washington?
Note The Present Continuous can be used with the
time expressions always, constantly and forever
to show that the speaker is annoyed. Remember
that when no emotional colouring is implied, the
Present Simple is used for repeated
actions. Compare Little Billy always tells lies
to his mother, but she never believes him.
(neutral) He is always telling
lies. (annoyance)
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Slide 61. PRESENT PERFECT vs PAST SIMPLE.
Present Perfect Past Simple
Describes an action at an indefinite time in the past and shows the connection between past and present. Tom has caught a cold. He is sneezing and coughing. I have just seen him. Jack has been to France several times since he joined the sailing club. Describes an action at the exact time in the past and has no connection with present.   Tom caught a cold three weeks ago and had to stay in bed for a couple of days. I saw him yesterday. Jack went to France last year.
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Slide 62. PRESENT PERFECT vs PRESENT SIMPLE.
The Present Perfect is used to say how long the situation has continued up to now. The Present Simple is never used in this meaning. e.g.I have always liked English people. BUT I like English people.
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Slide 63.PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS.
?????????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ? ???????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????. ? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????, ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????. How long has it been raining? It has been raining for two hours already. I have been ringing that number all morning but it's always engaged.
?????????? ????????, ??????? ???????????? ?????-?? ????? ? ????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? ????     ?? ? ??????????!     ? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????????????. What a mess!     I've been looking for my driving licence.
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Slide 64. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS vs PRESENT
PERFECT.
Present Perfect Continuous Present Perfect
RECENT ACTIVITY I've been watching a lot of soap operas (lately). The guests have been arriving since 5 o'clock (probably unfinished activity). Have you been sunbathing? You're like a tomato! ACTIVITY AT AN INDEFINITE TIME IN THE PAST I've watched a lot of soap operas (at an indefinite time before now). Ted and Edna have just arrived (completed action). You look great! You've lost at least ten kilos.
NO DIFFERENCE IN MEANING With such verbs as live, sit, stand, study, wait, work etc. Most families in Swindon have been living there for one year/ for some generations. Most families in Swindon have lived there for one year/ for some generations.
__________________________________ With state verbs be, like, own, belong, etc. The castle has always belonged to our family.
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Slide 65. A lot of many much.
Countables Uncountables Examples
Positive a lot (of)/ lots of, a great number of, a great many, plenty of a lot of/lots of, a great deal of, plenty of There were a lot of cars at the farm. Hes read a great number of press reports. Kids today are under a great deal of stress.
Negative many much There were not many visitors in the office. He doesnt have much time to rest.
Interrogative many much Do you know many people you can actually rely on? Did he do much research for the commentaries?
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Slide 66. A few/few and a little/little.
meaning positive meaning some, not many/much, but better than nothing negative meaning not enough, not as many/much as necessary, or expected
countables a few There were a few books on the stand. few The audience showed few signs of pleasure.
uncountables a little He was having a little rest after the hard work. little She had little knowledge of the working world.
Notes 1. The quantifiers few and little are
chiefly used in written English. In an informal
style they are normally replaced by not
many/much, hardly any, only a few/ a little.
e.g. There are hardly any girls of Middle
Eastern or Asian appearance in advertisements or
magazines. When she woke again, only a little
time had passed. 2. Quite a few in an informal
style means a considerable number.
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Slide 67. Comparison of quantifiers.
positive comparative superlative
countables many many books few few books more more books fewer fewer books the most the most books the fewest the fewest book
uncountables much much time little little time more more time less less time the most the most time the least the least time
Note In modern English, there is a tendency to
use less and the least with plural countable
nouns both in spoken and written contexts. The
locals feel there are less chances of trouble
with Mr. R. heading the police. The
film I liked best had the least chances of
winning the Academy Award.
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Slide 68. Modifiers used with the comparatives of
quantifiers.
modifiers comparatives examples
countables many/far/a lot   far/a lot more fewer We need many/far/a lot more people to help us. Far/a lot fewer articles in magazines are written by women than men.
uncountables much/far/a lot   much/far/a lot more less I have much/far/a lot more experience now. Hes spending much/far/a lot less time with his family.
Note that far and a lot can be used with the
comparatives of quantifiers of both countable and
uncountable nouns.
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Slide 69. FUTURE SIMPLE vs BE GOING TO.
Form Future Simple Be going to
Use Predictions based on the speakers opinion or past experience. This form can refer to any time in the future. Predictions based on some evidence in the present that something will definitely happen. It is normally used to speak about the near future.
Examples In a few years laptop computers will be as common as telephones. (Aboard a plane) This is your captain speaking. Im afraid were going to be a bit late. Were running into headwinds.
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Slide 70. FUTURE CONTINUOUS, FUTURE PERFECT,
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS.
Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous
Describes an action in progress at a particular moment or period of time in the future.  This time tomorrow well be walking around San Francisco! In a few years time many more employees will be working from home. 1. Describes an action which we expect will be completed by a particular time in the future.  By the time we come to the office, they will have left. 2. Describes a state that will last for some time by a particular time in the future.  Tom and Sally will have been married for five years in November. Describes an action in progress which will last for some time by a particular time in the future.  They will have been having talks for a week on Monday.  The council will have been debating for six hours by 5 p.m.  
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Slide 71. FUTURE SIMPLE,BE GOING TO, PRESENT
CONTINUOUS.
Future Simple Be going to Present Continuous
Describes spontaneous decisions made at the moment of speaking.     I think I'll take the children to the park on the river. Describes intentions, i.e. actions which have already been decided on by the time of speaking.   Mr. Parker is going to take Kitty and Amy off to Scotland tonight. Describes arrangements made by the time of speaking.     Mr. Parker is taking Kitty and Amy off to Scotland tonight. (Hes booked tickets.)  
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Slide 72. PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT CONTINUOUS,
FUTURE CONTINUOUS.
Present Simple Present Continuous Future Continuous
Describes future events that will happen according to the timetable or plan. (Things that are NOT under our control.)  The boat leaves Dublin at 10 a.m. and sails one hundred and fifty kilometres... Tomorrow, I take part in four graduation ceremonies as Vice Chancellor of the University of Dundee. (According to my working timetable.) Describes arrangements and plans made by the speaker.    My wife and I are leaving Venice next week.     Next week I'm taking part in a music quiz. (Its my personal decision.) Can be used as a tactful way of asking about someones plans or refusing an invitation.   How long will you be staying, Mr. Grimes?     Im sorry I cant come to the party as Ill be working nightshift.
Note The Future Continuous can also be used to
talk about events that are a result of an
arrangement. There is little difference between
this form and the Present Continuous. CBS
announces Dan Rather will be leaving/is leaving
CBS News for good.
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Slide 73. CLAUSES of TIME and CONDITION vs OBJECT
CLAUSES.
Clauses of Time and Condition Object Clauses
Hell start his own business (WHEN?) when he returns to India. Ill forgive him (ON WHAT CONDITION?) if he convinces me he meant no harm. I want to give my friends tickets to the show but I'm not sure (ABOUT WHAT?) when theyll be able to attend. I dont know (WHAT?) if hell cause conflict.
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Slide 74. ADVERBS.The Basics.

• Adverbs are normally used to modify verbs (1),
  adjectives (2), other adverbs (3) or whole
  clauses (4)
• 1. Adv V Shakespeares later texts
  occasionally show signs of carelessness.
• 2. Adv Adj Londons awfully expensive for
  shopping.
• 3. Adv Adv We learn extremely slowly to
  trust each other rather than be enemies.
• 4. Adv Clause Not surprisingly, only 24
  per cent of the respondents thought that the
• company treats employees well.

Note that the verb BE is always followed by an
adjective, NOT an adverb.
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Slide 75. Adverbs with two forms and differences
in meaning (I).
Direct meaning Figurative meaning
deep ( a long way down) The boy took a very big breath and dived deep into the pool. deeply ( greatly/thoroughly) Anna was a strong woman, deeply religious and intelligent.
high ( to a great height) Peter felt so happy that he jumped high. highly ( extremely) He was highly respected both as a musician and as a man with a gracious personality.
wide ( opening or spreading as much as possible) Mrs. Williams opened the door wide and stepped aside. widely ( in a lot of places or by a lot of people) He became widely known and respected as a writer of adventure stories.
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Slide 76. Adverbs with two forms and differences
in meaning (II).
direct ( without stopping) He went direct to Camp Lewis, and soon from there to France. directly ( a) with no one in between b)exactly) I got that directly from someone who is in a position to know. The professor looked directly at us.
free ( without paying)   Greek politicians and their families travelled free on the airline. freely ( as much as you like and in what-ever way you like) We like to believe that people in this country can speak freely.
hard ( with a lot of effort/a lot) The students were polite, reserved and studied hard to graduate. I laughed so hard I had tears in my eyes! hardly ( scarcely, almost not) You hardly know the depth of her character and the strength of her love.
late ( not on time/not early) John arrived late and missed the train. lately ( recently) Have I told you lately that I love you?
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Slide 77. Comparison of adverbs.
Adverbs Positive Comparative Superlative
Adverbs having the same form as adjectives soon fast near sooner faster nearer the soonest the fastest the nearest
Two syllable or compound adverbs quietly slowly often more quietly more slowly more often the most quietly the most slowly the most often
Irregular adverbs badly well much/many/a lot little far worse better more less farther/further the worst the best the most the least the farthest/ furthest
The adverbs which in spoken English have the
same form as adjectives (cheap, loud, slow,
quick) can form their comparatives and
superlatives in two ways I walked more slowly,
looking at the trees now. They walked slower,
silently, past the library and into the park.
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Slide 78. Position of adverbs in sentences.

• Adverbs can go in three different positions in a
  sentence
• front position Sometimes he tells the
  truth.
• mid position Ive always been a quick
  reader.
• end position. He bought the house cheaply.

Certain types of adverbs go mainly in mid
position, i.e. before the main verb but after the
verb be in simple tenses after the first
auxiliary verb in compound tenses.
NB
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Slide 79. Mid-position adverbs.
Adverbs of frequency always, ever, never, often, rarely, seldom He is often late for classes. They never miss a chance to have fun.
Adverbs of time already, just, no longer, now, soon, still, then They are still working on the album. He will no longer have any doubt.
Adverbs of certainty certainly, definitely, probably She will probably need painkillers after the operation. The musicians have definitely developed their own style and sound.
NoteThe adverbs of certainty and the adverbs
sometimes and still go before a negative
auxiliary. E.g. He probably wont recognize
you.They still haven't found what they're looking
for.
The adverbs of frequency and time OTHER THAN
mentioned above can go in all the three
positions. e.g.Occasionally he took her out to
lunch.Philip occasionally went to London during
the season. He went there occasionally to visit
his brother.
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Slide 80. Position of adverbs of manner.

• Adverbs of manner (which describe how something
  is done) usually go in end position, i.e. after
  the verb they modify or its object.
• Tourism is developing fast in the area.
• Adverbs ending in ly (except badly) can also go
  in mid position.
• Marty got all his plumbing tools out and arranged
  them carefully on the floor. (end position)
• He carefully arranged the jacket, so the collar
  was right. (mid position)

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Slide 81. Passive verb forms.
BE (in the necessary tense form) DONE
The Internet This matter He The information was launched Is being discussed has been called will be published in 1969. right now in the US Senate. a born politician. in the scientific literature.
Notes 1. The Passive can be used with modal
verbs (modal be done) e.g. The work can be
divided into a few stages. Peoples cultural
beliefs should be respected. 2. Future
Continuous Passives (will be being done) and
Perfect Continuous Passives (has/had been being
done) are unusual and should be avoided.
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Slide 82. Passives.The particulars
Prepositional verbs in the Passive.

• accuse of approve of
  call in comment on deal with
• discriminate against laugh at listen
  to look after look at
• look for look into
  look upon mock at operate on
• rely on shout at
  talk about think of

Verbs followed by a preposition in passive
structures take the preposition immediately after
them. The patient was operated on
yesterday. Every detail will be looked into. This
book is being much talked about.
NB
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Slide 83. Verbs with two objects that can be used
in two passive structures.

• ask give grant lend offer
  pay promise
• refuse send show teach
  tell

Verbs which take two objects, direct and
indirect, can be used in two passive structures.
Active His brother has given him (1) money
(2) to help him get married. Passive (1) He
has been given money to help him get married.
(2) Money has been given to him to
help him get married. (1) is an indirect
object (2) is a direct object
NB
1. The first passive structure is more common. 2.
In the second passive structure, the preposition
to is often used before the indirect object.
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Slide 84. Verbs with two objects that can be used
in one passive structure.

• announce devote describe
  dictate explain
• point out propose
  suggest

Verbs which take two objects, direct and
prepositional, can only be used in one passive
structure.
Active The teacher explained the rule (1) to
the students (2).
Passive (1) The rule was explained to the
students. (2) Impossible! (1)
is a direct object (2) is a prepositional object

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Slide 85. The definite article. The Particulars
(I).THEADJECTIVE.

• We use the definite article with adjectives
  (without a noun) when we talk about groups of
  people the same way we talk about some
  nationalities
• the British the French the Spanish the
  Dutch
• the young the rich the unemployed the
  sick
• the old the poor the homeless the
  dead
• The meaning is always plural the disabled
  disabled people (in general), but a disabled
  person.

88
Slide 86. Common verbs used to introduce Reported
Speech.
Statements say, tell, explain, add, continue, answer, reply, admit, complain, mention, remark, warn, state, stress to report ideas think, decide, imagine She said she knew what she was doing. We never imagined that the forest would be destroyed.
Questions ask, want to know, enquire (formal), wonder (???????? ????) They asked why I did not want to go back. I wondered what she was doing there.
a) Commands   b) Requests a) tell, order, command, forbid b) ask, beg (???????), urge (???????????? ???????, ??????????) The judge ordered them to learn to speak English. I begged him to do me this favour.
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Slide 87. REPORTED STATEMENTS.
Direct Speech Reported Speech
1. Clothes are important to me, said Max.  2. She said, Im dating James now. 3. The minister said, I have recently raised the question with the government. 4. Mary said, I didnt sleep at all last night. 5. May said, I was taking myself too seriously five years ago. 6. I had finished all that was required of me by yesterday, he said. 7. She told me, Ill call you tomorrow. 1. Max remarked that clothes were important to him. 2. She said she was dating James at that time. 3. The minister stated that he had recently raised the subject with the government. 4. Mary explained she hadnt slept at all the previous night. 5. May admitted she had been taking herself too seriously five years before. 6. He said (that) he had finished all that was required of him by the previous day. 7. She told me she would call me the following day.
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Slide 88. REPORTED QUESTIONS.
Direct Speech Reported Speech
General (yes/no) questions Do you have any questions, comments, or suggestions? asked the chairman. The chairman asked if we had any questions, comments, or suggestions.
Special questions Why did Max wear this strange outfit ? she asked. She wanted to know why Max had worn that strange outfit.
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Slide 89. REPORTED COMMANDS AND REQUESTS.
Direct Speech Reported Speech
Commands Play quietly, she said to the children. Dont ask any questions, said the man. She told the children to play quietly. The man forbade me to ask any questions.
Requests Please wait outside, the secretary said to me. Please dont mention this to anyone, said Mary. The secretary asked me to wait outside. Mary begged me not to mention that to anyone.
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Slide 90. REPORTED SPEECH. The Particulars.
Pattern 1.
Verb clause admit, agree, announce, believe, boast, comment, complain, conclude, confess, decide, doubt, exclaim, insist, observe, point out, predict, repeat, report, respond etc. Im not sure security is good. ? He doubted that security was good. Significant progress has been achieved on key issues. ? The Minister announced that significant progress had been achieved on key issues.
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Slide 91. REPORTED SPEECH. The Particulars.
Pattern 2.
Verb object clause assure, inform, reassure, remind, warn The school will be conducting a leadership training camp. ? The letter informed the students that the school will be conducting a leadership training camp.
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Slide 92. REPORTED SPEECH. The Particulars.
Pattern 3.
Verb infinitive agree, guarantee, offer, promise, refuse, threaten Im ready to resign. ? The chairman of the board offered to resign.
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Slide 93. REPORTED SPEECH. The Particulars.
Pattern 4.
Verb object infinitive advise, allow, ask, beg, encourage, forbid, force, instruct, invite, order, permit, persuade, remind, request, tell, urge, warn Always think for yourselves. ? Their father encouraged them to think for themselves. Be careful with the motor-bike! ? She warned him to be careful with the motorbike.
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Slide 94. REPORTED SPEECH. The Particulars.
Pattern 5.
Verb -ing form admit, apologise for smth (to smb), decide on, deny, mention, recommend, regret, report, suggest Sorry, I told a lie, he said. ? He apologised for telling a lie. Lets go out for lunch. ? She suggested going out for lunch.
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Slide 95. REPORTED SPEECH. The Particulars.
Pattern 6.
Verb object preposition ing-form accuse smb of, blame smb for, congratulate smb on, thank smb for It's your fault that you aren't succeeding in sales. ? The manager blamed me for not succeeding in sales.
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Slide 96. INFINITIVE.Forms.
Active Passive
Simple To do To be done
Perfect To have done To have been done
Continuous To be doing ____________
Perfect Continuous To have been doing ____________
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Slide 97. Common Structures with the Infinitive.

• Pattern 1 Infinitive phrase after the adjectives
  expressing
• someone's feelings.
• delighted happy proud
• fortunate (un)lucky sorry
• glad (dis)pleased
  surprised, etc.
• You can use a to-infinitive if the subject is the
  same in both clauses.
• If the subjects are different, you must use a
  that-clause.
• To-infinitive He is glad to have been invited to
  the party.
• ?? ???, ??? ??? ??????????
  ?? ?????????.
• That-clause He is glad that his girlfriend was
  invited to the party.
• ?? ???, ??? ??? ???????
  ?????????? ?? ?????????.
• Note The most common infinitives used in this
  pattern are find, learn, hear, see, say, tell,
  inform.
• e.g. I was pleased to hear/see/learn that I'd
  passed my exam.

100
Slide 98. Common Structures with the Infinitive.

• Pattern 2 'Of-phrase' with the Infinitive
  expressing praise or criticism.
• You use the structure 'of someone
  to-infinitive' after the following adjectives
• clever /sensible kind silly/stupid
• good nice typical/characteristic
• generous (im)polite wrong/bad, etc.
• e.g. Its very kind of you to help us. ?????
  ???? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ???.
• It was typical of him to be late for
• classes.
  ??? ???? ??????????? (??? ????
  ???????) ?????????? ?? ???????.

101
Slide 99. Common Structures with the Infinitive.

• Pattern 3 Infinitive used after adjectives
  describing personal opinions.
• When you want to express an opinion about someone
  or
• something, you often use an adjective followed by
  'to'-infivitive.
• easy hard (un)pleasant
• difficult interesting (un)safe , etc.
• dangerous (im)possible
• e.g. The problem is hard to solve.
• She was interesting to talk to.
• Note In this function you always use the
  Active Infinitive. (to solve, to talk, etc. NOT
  to be talked, to be solved, etc.)

NB
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Slide 100. Common Structures with the Infinitive.

• Pattern 5 Infinitive used to express purpose.
• The infinitive in this function is always used
  with to.
• e.g. We must make every effort to find a
  diplomatic solution to the crisis.
• To keep warm at night, you should buy an
  electric blanket.
•   In a more formal style you can use 'in order
  to' or 'so as to'
• e.g. She started to cry in order to arouse pity
  from her parents.
• We are doing a research so as to keep up with
  the market needs.
• In negative sentences, 'so as not to' is usually
  used. (NOT 'not to' alone)
• e.g. We left early so as not to be late.

103
Slide 101. Common Structures with the Infinitive.

• Pattern 6 Infinitive used to express result.

Adjective/adverb enough infinitive too adjective/adverb infinitive
Shes old enough to do some work. NB He was driving slowly enough to enjoy the view. Shes too old to do any work. He was driving too fast to enjoy the view.
Note It is important not to put an object after
the infinitive in this structure. Compare
104
Slide 102. COMPLEX OBJECT.

• 1. Verb noun/pronoun infinitive (with to)

You can use this verb pattern after some verbs of
wanting and liking want, wish, expect, (would)
like, (would) love, (would) prefer, (would) hate.
 
105
Slide 103. COMPLEX OBJECT.
2. Perception verb noun/pronoun infinitive
(without to)/ -ing form
The verbs of perception see, hear, watch, notice,
feel, observe can be followed either by an
infinitive without 'to' or present participle
(-ing form).
Complete action (infinitive without to) Action in progress (-ing form) Succession of actions ( infinitive without to)
I saw him lock the door. I saw him coming up the stairs. I saw her wash the dishes and put them in the cupboard.
? ?????, ???/??? ?? ?????? ?????. ? ?????, ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ????????. ? ?????, ???/??? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ? ?????.
Notes 1. The verb smell is usually used with an
-ing form.
2. The -ing form is not usual for very short
actions. e.g. I heard him cough. (once) I
heard him coughing. (repeatedly)
106
Slide 104. COMPLEX OBJECT.

• The verbs of perception see, hear, observe are
  often used in the passive followed by an ing
  form or an infinitive with to.

 
107
Slide 105. COMPLEX OBJECT.

• You CANNOT use the Complex Object if the verbs
  see, hear,
• notice, feel change their lexical meaning and are
  no longer
• verbs of perception. You must use a that-clause.

  I hear I've heard, I heard The Present
Simple often replaces the Past Simple or Present
Perfect in expressions like I see/I hear used
to talk about things one has found out.
108
Slide 106. Mustn't versus Not have to.
Absence of necessity Prohibition Emphatic Advice
You don't have to tell her. She knows the news already. You mustn't tell her. /You can't tell her. The news may upset her. You mustn't get upset.
??? ?? ????? (??? ?????????????) ???????? ?? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ?????. ?????? ???????? ?? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ??????????. ?? ?? ?????????????!
Note In spoken English must not is usually
avoided when you speak to or about another
adult. Can't is normally used instead. e.g.
You can't leave until I say so.
109
Slide 107. ABSENCE of NECESSITY Present.
Modals Uses Examples
Neednt 1. The speaker expresses his personal opinion that something is not necessary. We needn't hurry. We have plenty of time.
Neednt 2. The speaker gives permission not to do something. You needn't come if you are busy.
Dont need to The speaker talks about a general necessity. You don't need to have a visa to go to Turkey. He does not need to pay the fare. He is an old age pensioner.
110
Slide 108. ABSENCE of NECESSITY Past.
Didn't need to Neednt have done
Something was not necessary and usually it was not done Someone did something which was not necessary
I didn't need to cook any food. I was leaving that night. I needn't have cooked so much food. My friends called and said they were not coming.
??? ?? ???? ???? (?? ???? ?????????????) ???????? ???. ??????? ???? ??? ? ??????. ???????? (???) ? ?????????? ??????? ???. ?????? ????????? ??? ? ???????, ??? ?? ??????.
111
Slide 109. BE to-infinitive.
Uses Example Translation
Arrangements for the future A seminar is to be held in October. They were to get married in June. ??????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????. ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ? ????.
Orders and instructions This form is to be filled in and returned within 10 days. ?????? ????? ????????? ? ????? ? ??????? 10 ????.
112
Slide 110. INDIRECT COMMANDS.
She says that such people are not to be trusted. (strict prohibition ) I was to destroy the document as soon as Id read it. ??? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????.   ? ?????? ??? (??? ?????????????????) ?????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????.
113
Slide 111. Common Structures with the
Infinitive. Pattern 4 Infinitive used as
Attribute to replace Relative clauses.
After ordinal numbers the first, the second, etc. He was the first to leave/ to be given a prize.