Country Presentation: Mongolia

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Country Presentation Mongolia
2010 SOUTH ASIAN REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON SCIENCE
,TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION INDICATORS TRENDS AND
CHALLENGES (Kathmandu, Nepal, 06-09 December
2010)

• Ayush Purevjal
• (Senior officer)
• Ministry of Education, Culture and Science

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Contents

• Country profile
• Scientific system
• Collecting ST statistics
• Main results of the collected ST statistical
  data
• Major problems in collecting ST statistics

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1. Country profile
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Map of Mongolia
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What we have

• Huge territory - 1.56 mln.sq.km (11 times bigger
  than Nefal, 2.8 times bigger than France)
• Rich of natural resources - Copper, Molybdenum,
  Gold, Coal, Gas
• Animal husbandry (40.0 mln Cow-2.6, Sheep-19.3,
  Goat-19.6, Horse-2.2, Camel-0.28) NSO,2009
• Cashmere (Second largest exporter)
• Educational level of people (about 20 of
  Government budget dedicated to Education)
• - literacy rate 97.6 (NSO, 2009)
• - 113 universities, institutes and
  colleges

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What we do not have

• Few population 2.73 mln., NSO, 2009 (11 times
  less than Nepal)
• Extreme (severe continental) climate - /-35 C
• No sea access (Between two big Powers Russia
  and China)
• Small market
• No experience in market economy (during 70 years
  isolated socialist system )
• Economy based on agriculture (animal husbandry)
  and row material export
• GDP per capita -1669 USD ( NSO, 2009)

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2. Scientific system
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Soviet model of RD system(before 1990)
Universities
Institutes under the Academy of Sciences
Research institutes under ministries
Education
Basic research
Applied research and development
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ST under central-command system

• Government

Research Institutes under Ministries
State-owned Industry
Government-funded RD
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RD during the Transition(since 1990)

• After 1997
• Reorganization of universities and research
  institutes
• Tendency to increase budget and number of
  researchers

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Organizational Structure of Mongolian Scientific
sector (since 1990)
Government
NCST
MECS
Other Ministries
MAS
NSTF
Scientific Research Institutes
Scientific Research Institutes under MAS
Scientific, technological and Production
Corporations
Universities
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3. Collecting ST statistics
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Legislative framework of ST statistics

• Legislation acts
• Law on statistics (MP, 1997)
• Law on ST (MP, 1998)
• Main policy documents
• State policy on ST (MP, 1998)
• ST Master plan (2007-2020) of Mongolia (MG,
  2007)
• Programme for developing of national innovation
  system in Mongolia (MG, 2007)

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ST data collection process
UNESCO
National statistical office (NSO)
By data collection forms (questionnaires)
Questionnaire UIS/ST
Official statistical data
Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (MECS)
Official and administrative statistical data
Universities
Scientific research institutions
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Dissemination formats of results of ST statistics

• Publication (annual)
• Mongolian statistical yearbook, NSO
  (Mongolian/English)
• Statistical abstract of Education, Culture and
  Science sectors, MECS statistical yearbook
  (Mongolian)
• Electronic (internet)
• Statistical data of Education, Culture and
  Science sectors by NSO (Mongolian/English)
• Website http//www.nso.mn
• Statistical database of Education, Culture and
  Science sectors by MECS (Mongolian)
• Website http//www.mecs.gov.mn

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Coverage of RD statistics (by sector)
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• 4. Main results of the collected ST statistical
  data

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Number of institutions covering RD statistics
(data of MECS)
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Scientific research institutions

• Scientific research institutions (by forms)
• Scientific research institutions of MAS 22
• Scientific, technological and production
  corporations 5
• Scientific research institutions of public
  universities 14
• Scientific research institutions under Ministries
  9
• Private scientific research institutions 9
• Scientific research institutions (by field of
  science)
• Engineering and technology 12
• Natural sciences 20
• Agricultural sciences 7
• Medical and health sciences 5
• Social sciences and Humanities 15

Source MECS, 2009
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Total full-time RD personal by
occupation(Headcount data for statistics of
MECS) 
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Total full-time RD personal by sex(Headcount
data for statistics of MECS)
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Total full-time RD personal by sector of
employment(Headcount data for statistics of
MECS, 2009)
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Researchers by formal qualification and sector
of employment(Headcount data for statistics of
MECS, 2009)
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Researchers by field of science and sector of
employment(Headcount data for statistics of
MECS, 2009) 
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Researchers by age structure(Headcount data
for statistics of MECS)
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Total researchers per thousand total
employments(data for statistics of MECS and
NSO) 
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 Expenditure on RD(data for statistics of
MECS and NSO) 



Millions, Mongolian tugrik (T)
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Sources of finds of RD expenditure

• Government budget (central)
• Local budget
• Private organizations
• Higher education
• Foreign funds
• Money from basic and supporting activities of
  scientific research organizations
• Other resources

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Expenditure on RD by sources of funds (data of
MECS, 2009)

• Expenditure by sector of performance
• Government -80.9
• Business enterprise -6.9
• Higher education -12.2
• Most of RD carried out in public sector
  research institutes and universities
• Central government main source of RD funding
• Private sector RD not assessed

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(No Transcript)
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Expenditure by type of RD activity (, data
MECS, 2009)
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• 5. Major problems in collecting
• ST statistics

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Major problems in collecting ST statistics in
Mongolia

• Not established a national integrated system of
  ST information and statistics.
• Non-existence of completely information or data
  on Industry and Business enterprise involvement
  into the ST sector and that makes difficult to
  determine the current condition of ST sector in
  Mongolia.
• Sometimes ST statistical data and methodology on
  data collection is different in Mongolia. For
  example we dont use the Full-time equivalence
  (FTEs) indicator and dont know how to calculate
  them. Also some of indicators such as
  (researchers, publications) should be
  calculated in accordance with the internationally
  recognized methods.

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Major problems in collecting ST statistics in
Mongolia

• The importance and role of the ST statistical
  information is very limited and public awareness
  on the ST statistical information is poor in
  Mongolia.
• Capacity of Institutional statisticians in the
  ST sector is very low and un experienced.
• Use of advanced ICT is the main negative factor
  for collecting, processing and aggregating
  statistical data as well as distributing this
  information to users.
• Lack surveys on monitoring and evaluation of ST
  statistical information and indicators at
  qualified level.

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Future suggestions and actions to improve the ST
statistics in Mongolia

• Collecting and integrating ST information and
  statistics according to international
  classification and standards To increase the
  number of internationally comparable ST
  statistical data to develop a guideline on
  definitions of the main ST indicators and
  methodologies these calculations.
• Calculating an Industry and Business enterprise
  involvement into the ST sector Expanding the
  degree of coverage of the Business enterprise and
  Industrial institutions to the ST statistical
  information under this framework need to
  integrate the National Statistical Office of
  Mongolia, and use its human resource and national
  statistical information network capacity.

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Future suggestions and actions to improve the ST
statistics in Mongolia

• Collecting and integrating innovation statistics
  and data according to international standards
  developing of Law on Innovation to determine the
  main indicators for respective innovation
  statistics need to be developed.
• Introduction of modern advanced ICT (software and
  hardware) for collecting, processing and
  aggregating of ST statistical information.
• With the purpose of improving the capacity and
  exchange of experiences of the statistical
  officials, to involve and invite to the
  International or national seminars and training
  workshops widely.

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• Thank you very much !