Green[er]-to-Green Aircraft/Aeronautical Possibilities

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Greener-to-Green Aircraft/Aeronautical
Possibilities

• Dennis M. Bushnell
• Chief Scientist
• NASA Langley Research Center

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Humans Have Taken Over and Vastly Shortened
EvolutionHuman EngenderedE7 times Natural
Of the Planet - Global Warming, Pollution,
Deforestation, Species Extinction - Huge Public
Works (e.g. 3 Gorges Dam) Of the Human Species -
Genomic Design and Repair Products/Life Forms -
Cross Species Molecular Breeding - Directed
Evolution (Maxygen etc.)
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The Major Societal Problems

• Warming Anthropogenic CO2-Induced,Attendant
  Arctic Methane Release
• Consequent Green Energy Requirement,Simultaneous
  Demise of Cheap Oil
• Shortages of Water Arable Land
• An Increasing Food Shortage

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- CO2 levels are NOW greater than at any time in
the last 650,000 Years- Tundra
Melting,Releasing huge amounts of Methane.- N.
Atlantic Gulf Stream Heating reduced by 30
overlying fresh water from melting glaciers.
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Prevention of collapse of the Ecosystem has now
become the overwhelming issue
European Commission on Key Technologies for
Europe,2005
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Rationals for Going Green

• Escalating Price of Petroleum
• Warming Including Acidic Oceans
• National Security/Geo-Politics
• Economics/ Balance of Payments
• Personal Economics/ Independence

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THE KEY TECHNOLOGIES(highly synergistic / at the
frontiers of the small / in a feeding frenzy
off each other)

• IT (comms/computing/sensors/electronics/machine
  intelligence)
• Bio (genomics/molecular biology/designer life
  forms)
• Nano (coatings/barriers/computers/sensors/material
  s/assemblers)
• Energetics (HEDM (various)/revol.
  solar/biomass/explosives/propellants/storage)
• Quantum crypto/computing/sensors/optics/Electroni
  cs
• Societal Technological Systems (motivational
  asynchronous distance learning,
  immersive/virtual presence, tele-everything,
  robotic everything, digital earth/digital
  airspace)

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Aircraft/Aviation Emission Issues

• CO2/NOX - a Warming Issue
• Water Vapor/Cirrus Clouds - a Warming issue
• Localized Airport/environs Pollution - a health
  and quality of life issue

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Aircraft/Aeronautics Emission Solution
Categories

• Operations
• Vehicle Technologies/Efficiency
• Advanced Energetics/Propulsion
• Alternatives to Air Transport
• AND - A Suggested/ Practical Solution

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Operations Approaches

• Automatic Flight routing for fuel use/emission
  reduction
• Requires Fixing the ATC System
• Mandate Flying Full
• Fly below 27 KFt Solves the H20 Problem
• Carbon Tax, increase ticket price/reduce
  Demand

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Vehicle Technologies/Efficiency

• 50-to-100 increase in L/D
• - Aggressive BWB
• - Strut braced Wings
• Revolutionary Structures and Materials
• - Strut braced Wings
• - CNT Structures/Materials Factors of 3-to-5
  potential dry weight reductions

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(Example) CTOL Transport Advanced Concepts

• Strut-braced/Tip engines (C-C, NLFC, etc.)
• Adv, BWB (Goldschmeid integ., HLFC etc.)
• Ring Wing (Distributed/anti-DDL Propul.)
• Dbl. Fuselage-midwing
• Biplane

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Example - Strut/Truss Braced

• Strut/Truss to
• Support tip engines for DDL/vortex red.
• Reduce wing thickness (reduce wt sweep)
• Enable NLF inc. lift carrying struts
• Also Required/Desired
• APU powered C-C on tail (engine out)
• VPI strut design (for downloads)
• Active load alleviation for flutter
• Strut/Truss Wing Box Combined Struct.
• Incr. dia./shorter fuselage (red. wetted area)

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Advanced Energetics/Propulsion

• SMES with CNT Magnets B field and material
  strength, reduced losses, 10 times Chemical
  Energy storage density
• Soliton Divergence-less Energy Beaming,
  incl. intermittent
• Positrons stored as Positronium, open cycle
  heating
• Fuel Cells Above 27KFt requires special water
  efflux/treatment approach

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Nominal Power Densities

• ZPE..E108 X Chemical
• Anti-Matter/Positrons.. E10 X Chemical
• Fission/Fusion.. E6 X Chemical
• Isomers. E5 X Chemical
• SBER E2 X Chemical
• Hydrogen....38 KWH/Kg
• HC..14
• Advanced Flywheels. .9 - 20?
• Batteries.. . .04 - 10?
• SMES .0015 - 100?
• Super/ultra Capacitors .0007 -8?

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First-Order Impacts of Nano upon
EnergeticsImproved Performance/Cost Reduction

• Fuel Cells
• Photovoltaics
• H2 Storage Casimir Forces?
• Supercapacitors
• Batteries

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Soliton Energy Transfer..

• Solitons are waves in non-linear systems which
  are non-dispersive,maintain amplitude
• Utilized in optical communications information
  transfer,up to 1,000,000 Km thus far
• Physics evidently allows utilization for Energy
  Transfer,Not yet accomplished
• - Would change Energetics MUCH DE weaponry,
  SPSats, Beamed Energy Propulsion,

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Electric Propulsion

• An Emerging candidate for eventual replacement of
  GTEs ,used NOW on smaller craft
• Propulsors
• - Electric Motors/Ducted Fans Electromechanical
  
• - MHD Accelerators Electromagnetic
• - Heat Air in a GTE Cycle Electro-thermal
• Electricity Sources
• - Fuel Cells
• - CNT Flywheel/Generator
• - SMES/CNT Magnets
• - Off Board Beamed Energy MW,Rectennas.
• - Adv. Batteries,ultra-capacitors
• - Solar/ PV

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In-Atmosphere/High Thrust Electric Propulsion
Drivers

• Elimination of CO2,NOx emissions
• Thermodynamic Efficiency Improvements
• Potential Cost,Reliability,Maintenance,Safety
  benefits ?
• Reduced noise Thermal Signatures
• High Altitude Efficiency esp. Near Space/HALE
• Distributed Propulsion

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More Efficient Fuel Cells

• Add Bottoming cycle using Thermal Diodes
  23-33 direct thermal-electric conversion or
  Thermal cycle
• MANY approaches on the table -
  Membranes/materials/electrochemistry, Factor of
  10 plus in KW/Kg appears probable over next
  decade,10X improvement over last decade,NANO may
  yield yet another factor of 10..

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Hydrogen Sources

• Genomic Bio Photosynthesis
• Artificial Photosynthesis
• Electrolysis
• - Direct visible light Photo-Catalysis
• - Plastic Nano PV Energy
• - Bio Mass Incl.Seawater Agric. Energy
• - Ocean Thermal,Wind Energy
• - Usual Energy Sources Hydro,Nuc,.
• Reformation JP,Methane,Ammonia.
• Coal Gasificationw/H20
• Sulfur-iodine Thermo-chemical Cycle w/H2O

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Hydrogen Storage

• Cryo incl. Slush, Solid
• CNTs/Zeolites Casimir Force Optimization,Doping
  , CNT Structure
• CNT Pressure Vessels,
• Lithium Nitride,Graphite Nanofibers
• Ammonia,Ammonia Borane PNNL
• Methane,Gas Hydrates
• Porous Magnesium Alloys
• Titanium doped Hydrides
• Glass/Polymer Microspheres
• Metal/Organic Frameworks

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An Outlook for H2

• Biologic H2 sources could provide a Green H2
  Supply
• H2 Infrastructure would take too long to put in
  place compared to warming/petroleum problems
  time scales and is exceedingly expensive
• Hydrogen Storage is still nascent, Nano Tech
  including Casimir Force Engineering could help
• - Bottom LinesBiofuels using existing
  infrastructures are/will be the Green
  transportation fuel of choice.

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More Efficient GTEs

• Endothermic Fuel Cooling
• - Replace current bleed air suction/injection
  losses with increased Regeneration
• Exhaust Stream Heat Exchangers Bypass
• - Minimize weight of exchangers via Riblet
  surface treatment Increase Re An
• - Chinese Super Tubes for ultra-efficient heat
  exchanger
• Aspirated Compressors
• Combustor Turbulence Length Scale Tailoring to
  improve turbine blade performance
• Free Piston Compressor/Combustor
• Wave Rotors

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Alternatives to Air Transport

• Tele-Everything including Tele-Travel via 5
  senses Virtual Reality/ Holographic Projection
• On-Site Manufacturing Mechatronics, Printing,
  Strong Nano/Nano Replicators

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Worldwide IT Revolution

• Comms/Computing/Sensors/Electronics
• Factor of E07 since 59 Moores Law
• Factor of E08 to E12 further improvement
  Silicon,Molecular/CNT, Quantum, Bio, Optical
• Beyond Human Machine Intelligence?
• Automatics/Robotics in the large
• Immersive multi-sensory VR/Holodecks
• Ubiquitous multi physics/hyperspectral sensors
  land/sea/air/space

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IMPACTS OF ONGOING ITREVOLUTION UPON SOCIETY

• Work (at home telecommuting, reduced
  local/corporal travel)
• Shopping (at home web based, requires delivery)
• Entertainment/leisure (at home immersive 3-D
  interactive/multi-sensory via VR/holographic
  projection)
• Travel (3-D/interactive/multi-sensory
  tele-travel)
• Education (at home low cost asynchronous, web
  based on-demand, highly motivational, life-long
  distance learning, .edu)
• Health (at home interactive tele-medicine)
• Politics (increased real-time virtual involvement
  of the body politic)
• Commerce (tele-commerce already ubiquitous)

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It will be routine to meet in full-immersion
virtual reality for business meetings and casual
conversations in 5 to 7 years
Ray Kurzweil,Author,Age of Spiritual Machines
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By 2025, 40 of Private and 15 of Public
Colleges and Universities are Expected to Close
due to Web-based Competition
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In 30 Years,The Universities of America,as we
have Traditionally known them,will be Barren
Wastelands
Peter Drucker
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Human (Societal) Alienation

• Paleolithic--tightly-knit (interdependent)
  hunter-gatherer groups/tribes (98 percent of
  human history/evolution)
• Neolithic (first wave) (to--18th
  Century)--tightly-knit agricultural villages
  (common religion/culture, interdependent)
• Industrial Revolution (second wave) (19th, 20th
  Century)--mass movements from the land to
  manufacturing centers, loss of village social
  infrastructure, left only with familial support
  systems
• Information Revolution (third wave)--increased
  physical isolation (electronic cottages) but
  greatly enhanced non-corporal mental interaction
  via immersive 3-D multi-sensory interactive
  comms. e.g. On-line Gaming

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Wild Card..

• The extent to which Socialization via Virtual
  Presence will replace and possibly Improve
  Physical Presence Socialization
• - It really is all in our heads,Silicon
  implants and optical comms will enable superb 5
  senses instantaneous immerse presence including
  Haptic Touch etc.,Better than Real.and not
  limited to reality..

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Virtual Reality Outlook

• Optical Comms - Bandwidth
• Conventional VR/next 10 yrs.
• 3-D sound, smell, haptic touch
• Projection onto eye
• Better/more intense than reality
• Beyond Conventional
• Direct brain feeds
• Super sensory inputs/experiences
• Applications include entertainment, travel,
  business, medicine, education creativity

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TELECOMMUNICATIONS SUBSTITUTION FOR BUSINESS
TRAVEL
2020 2015
2010
2005
2000
1995
1993
0 10 20 30
40
Source Transportation Research Board,
Washington DC, 1994
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And, Finally, There is the REAL,PRACTICAL
SolutionHC Transportation Fuel obtained from
Biomass, probably through Seawater Agriculture
Unchanged fuel infrastructure, fly below 27K
Ft for water issue,Cost Effective, CO2 price
paid upfront - plants take up the CO2-C-C
enables wing size reduction and ride quality for
less than 27k ft cruise, also Simultaneous
multiple A/C runway utilization for Airport
productivity
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Petroleum Transportation Fuel Outlook

• In General,Cheap Oil Production is peaking or
  has peaked.Residual supplies will have greater
  production costs.Increasing Petroleum
  demand,particularly from the developing world
  ,will ensure ever increasing oil prices and
  shifts,from purely economic drivers, to
  Alternatives H2,Biomass
• Demand Example - U.S. has 745 vehicles per 1,000
  population.China,the second largest oil importer,
  has 3 vehicles per 1,000 population.If China goes
  to 5 Vehicles per 1,000 Population they will have
  to DOUBLE their Oil Imports to 10 Million
  Barrels/Day

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Energy and Warming

• 75 of Energy Usage is releasing climate-changing
  amounts of Fossil Carbon as CO2
• This Fossil CO2 warming is releasing Fossil
  Methane from the Tundra,Methane some 22X more of
  a warming gas than CO2,A Warming Accelerant
• Of the Renewables,only Solar via Biomass and
  Other Approaches has the potential to provide
  the requisite Capacity Wind,Hydro,Nuc
  cannot.
• Biomass Produces Liquid Fuels and is less
  expensive currently than other Solar

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Bio Mass Potential
Biomass grown on some 6 of the U.S. Land mass
could replace current U.S. oil and natural gas
consumption
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Shallow Sea/Desert Production of Biomass via
Seawater Irrigation land/water/food/Energy/Warmin
g

• Closed CO2 Cycle (Obviates Global Warming)
• - Food
• - Petro-chemical feedstock
• Materials/clothing etc.
• - ENERGY (end reliance on Middle East)
• Terraforming, alter desertification etc.
• Preservation/Production of Fresh Water
• Rich Mineral Source (Seawater)
• Utilization of Wastelands (Sahara, etc.)
• Seawater contains some 80 of plant nutrients
• China doing it NOW

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Energetics in the Post-Petroleum Age

• BioMass via Seawater Agriculture on
  WastelandsLand,water,food.energy,warming
• Plastic Nano PV
• Advanced Geothermal
• Tidal Currents
• Genomic Bacteria H2 Production
• Artificial Photo-Synthesis H2 Production
• Photo-Catalytic Electrolysis of H2O
• H-B11 Fusion,LENRs
• Wildcard - ZPE
• Conservation via Light Diodes,Thermal
  Diodes,CNT Computing,Tele-Everything, Fuel
  Cells,CNT-enabled weight reductions

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Energetics Wild Cards Being Worked

• Solitons for Low Divergence Power Beaming
• Positron Storage as Positronium
• High Efficiency Plastic Nano PV
• 30 Thermo-Electrics
• High Efficiency KW/KG Fuel Cells
• On-Site H2 Generation vice Storage Zinc,.
• Room Temperature S-C
• Tapping ZPE, Higher Yield LENRs
• Controlled Nuclear Isomer Release
• SMES with CNT Magnets
• Lithium Tantalate Crystals

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Global Warming Solutions

• Green Energy
• Conservation
• Genomic Biologics w/greatly increased CO2 Uptake
• Trigger Calderas Nascent Volcanoes,Put massive
  amounts of dust in the Atmosphere
• Nano-Particulates spread on the monolayer of
  surfactant on the Oceans Surface to alter Albedo
• Gigantic reflective films/membranes in orbit
• Seed Oceans with iron to provoke/enable
  Phytoplankton Blooms

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As the Aeronautical Mastodon, Festooned with
Antique Hardware, Attempts to determine the
direction of, and turn toward, the South before
the ice closes in Completely..
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