Rural Development

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Rural Development CHALLENGES PROSPECTS

• Saroj K. Dash
• Deputy Director, SIRD

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Planning for Rural Development .

• A complex process which envisages the development
  of rural areas.
• Aims at all round development of people living in
  Rural areas.
• Aims at improving Rural peoples livelihood in an
  equitable and sustainable manner.
• Objectives of RD Programmes .. alleviation of
  poverty and un-employment through creation of
  basic, social and economic infrastructure thereby
  bringing a quality rural life.

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Development Perspective

• Rural infrastructure and habitat development
• Poverty reduction
• Provision of basic minimum services
• Employment generation
• Making available basic necessities

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The Poorest and The Weakest 

• 15 of Worlds Population live on less than
  1/day
• 40 of Worlds Population live on less than
  2/day
• More than 850 million suffer from hunger
• One in 7 people go to bed hungry
• 17000 children die every day from hunger
• 25 of the worlds poor live in India
• 73 of Indias poor live in rural areas
• 47of Orissa population-poor

Source Policy Research Working Paper World Bank
August 2008
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850 (212)Million Hungry People
Where are they?
Who are they?
Others
Pastoralists/ Fishermen (8)
(30m, 4)
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Asia Pacific
Urban Poor (20)
(206m, 24)
(without India)
(312m, 37)
Marginal Farmers (50)
North East and North Africa, (38m, 4)
Latin America and Caribbean (52m, 6)
Landless Rural Poor (22)
India
(212m, 25)
Source FAO estimates of 2006
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Poverty in India
Poverty Ratio
60
55
51
50
44
40
38
35
30
Poverty Ratio ()
27.5
20
10
0
1973-74
1977-78
1983
1987-88
1993-94
2004-05
Years
Absolute Poor in India
329
323
321
320
350
307
302
264
261
300
252
244
232
221
250
Poor in million
200
150
100
50
0
1973-74
1977-78
1983
1987-88
1993-94
2004-05
Years
Source As per NSSO rounds India
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Causes for Poverty and Vulnerability

• Little control over their own Life And Destiny
•   Employment Insecurity and Low Incomes
• Lack of Control over Common Resources
• Lack of Assets and Entitlements
• Low Productivity of Assets
• Illiteracy, Poor Health and Nutritional Status
• Lack of Access to Credit, Information
  Technology

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Paradigm Shift in Approach
are Demand Driven
aim at Universal Coverage
aim at Empowerment of the Poor
are Time Bound
follow Participatory Approach
have built in Transparency and Accountability
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Indias Vision for the future

• India has outlined targets based on the
  Millennium Development Goals (MDG)
• The first goal is to Eradicate Extreme Poverty
  and Hunger
• Inclusive Growth and Paradigm Shift in
  Approach are the Mainstay

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Promoting Inclusive Growth through Planned
Programs
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R. D. PROGRAMS A Profile

• RD programs can be divided in to four
• categories
• Programs for Self and Wage Employment.
• Programs for Rural Infrastructure Minimum Basic
  Needs.
• Programs for Natural Resources Management and,
• Programs for Social Security.

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PROGRAMS FOR SELF AND WAGE EMPLOYMENT
Guaranteeing Wage Employment Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
Promoting Self Employment Swaranjayanti Gram
Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
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PROGRAMS FOR RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE MINIMUM BASIC
NEEDS

• Prime Ministers Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Swajaldhara
• Central Rural Sanitation Program (CRSP/TSC)
• PURA (Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural
  Areas)
• Integrated Rural Housing Scheme (IRHS)
• Indira Awaas Yojana
• Samagra Awaas Yojana
• Pradhan Mantri Gramdoya Yojana (G.A)
• Credit-cum-Subsidy Scheme

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PROGRAMS FORNATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

• Integrated Wasteland Development Program (IWDP)
  (Watershed Development and Hariyali)
• Land Consolidation
• Land Reforms
• Computerization of Land Records

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PROGRAMS FOR SOCIAL SECURITY NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR
SOCIAL ASSISTANCE (NSAP)

• Old Age Pension, Widow Pension
• National Family Benefit Scheme
• National Maternity Benefit Scheme
• ICDS and Allied Services
• Subsidized Food for Old Destitute
• Annapoorna
• Antodaya

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National Campaigns

• National Rural Health Mission
• Health for All 2010
• Sarba Siksha Abhiyan
• Education for All 2010
• Rajiv Gandhi Rural Electrification Mission
• National Hort Mission/RKVY
• And Many More .

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Challenges

• Most programmes represented top-down,
  techno-bureaucratic solutions to poverty
  alleviation
• Peoples participation in planning, designing,
  implementation and monitoring lacking
• In implementation most programmes reduced to
  chasing paper targets
• Little or no gender focus assumption that
  improvement in status of family will
  automatically improve status of women belied by
  experience
• Programmes conceptualized for women did not
  enable them to pull themselves out of a
  disadvantageous situation
• No flexibility to adapt programme design to local
  conditions

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Challenges.

• High Adm. Costs of Program Implementation.
• Low importance of Social Dev. Programmes to PRI.
• Perils of centralisation of Program
  Administration.
• Multiplicity of Agencies Difficulties in
  Coordination.
• Technical deptt. entrusted with routine jobs
• Lack of result oriented planning, Monitoring
  Evaluation
• Program Leakages

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Prospects .

• Organising the poor for greater participation
• Unity of plan policy
• Emphasis on coordination rather than on control
• Scheme to originate from PRIs and not state/
  centre
• Simplification of procedures/ norms
• Adoption of package approach
• PRIs as corporate bodies
• Focus on HRD
• Creation of satisfactory monitoring system to
  measure regulate performance during
  implementation

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Prospects . 

• Create Rights and Legal Guarantees for rural
  poor
• Decentralise Planning and Implementation
• Set up well defined Systems with clear Guidelines
  
• Involve Partners and Stakeholders
• Converge Schemes with Common Objectives
• Incentivise Achievements
• Ensure Transparency and Accountability
• Use IT platform for effective Monitoring
• Establish Grievance Redressal Mechanism

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Strengthening Grassroot Processes of Democracy
Large Scale Capacity Building
Financial Inclusion
Grievance Redressal Mechanism
Social Audits
ICT in MIS
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Moving Towards the Millennium Development Goals
Indicator MDG Target Status Value by
2015 Proportion of population 18.75() Latest
surveys show poverty at 27.50 () below poverty
line well on target to reaching the
goal. Literacy rate of 100.00 () Literacy has
gone up to over 76 ()15-24 year olds for this
age group. Infant Mortality rate 27.00
Indias rate already has come down from(per
1000 live births) 80 in 1990 to 58 in
2006. Population with access 80.5 () India
has already touched 82 percent. to water source
(rural) Population with access to 72 () It is
expected to achieve the target by 2012 sanitation
(rural) itself.
Source MDG India Country Report, M/o Statistics
Programme Implementation.
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Be the change you want to see in the world
Mahatma Gandhi 1927
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