Title: Part D: Health
1Part D Health Disease
2Health Disease
Every bodys got to eat!
3Introduction
- All animals need nutrition
- Basic understanding of nutrition is required
______ focusing on details - Current headlines fatty acids (trans fats,
omega-3 vs -6 ratios), herbs supplements,
preservatives, nutrient management for specific
conditions
4Introduction
- Whats a natural diet for Cats? Dogs?
- Do all breeds thrive on the same diet?
- What about treats types, amounts?
- Do pets self-regulate their intake?
- Definitions
- _____________
- Refers to taste preferences do they LIKE it?
- _____________
- Refers to intake do they eat ENOUGH?
5Nutrition
- 1. Ingredients vs. nutrients
- 2. Laws labels, requirements calculations
- 3. How to feed what animal is being fed
6Better living through Chemistry
- Ingredients vs. nutrients
7Ingredients vs. nutrients
- Ingredients simple and complex foodstuffs that
make up the diet - Nutrients ________ providing nourishment
- Water
- _________
- Lipid (fat)
- Carbohydrates
- Vitamins
- Minerals
8Ingredients
- What do you KNOW about the ingredient?
- Name and definition
- http//www.aafco.org/ingredient_definitions_2004.h
tml - General chemical composition
- What do you NOT know?
- -
- -
9Assessing the Diet
- General considerations
- Performance of the animal
- Amounts of nutrients (absolute, relative)
- Digestibility of nutrients
- Quality of nutrients
- Palatability of the whole diet
- Specific nutrient considerations
- Remember animals eat amounts of nutrients
not s
10Example
- Requirements grams/day or grams/weight but
label gives in diet - Dog foods provide 14-23 protein, by label. Dogs
need _ g protein per kg of body weight - Stanley weighs 10 kg 20 grams protein/day
- Food A provides 20 protein (20 grams protein per
100 grams of food) ? Stanley needs to eat 100
grams of this food per day - Food B provides 15 protein (15 grams protein per
100 grams of food) ? Fido needs to eat ____ grams
of THIS food per day
11Evaluating Nutrients
- Water
- Energy
- Protein
- Lipid (fat)
- Minerals
- Vitamins
12Water
- Requirements
- Average 60 ml/kg (1 oz/lb weight)
- Need more? Hot and/or humid, working, pregnant,
lactating, life stage puppy or kitten - Need less? Cat lt dog, others?
- DAILY Access to clean, fresh water
- Temperature of the water
- _________ or cooler is best
- Aversions to hot or ice cold
13Water
- What are the sources?
- Fresh water
- Food (dry 10 moisture, canned 75)
- __________________
- What is it used for? Adequate hydration for
- Nutrient digestion, ___________, transport
- Biochemical reactions in the body
- Body temperature control
- Lubrication (ex joint fluid, tears, saliva)
- Waste elimination
14Protein
- Protein ___ body weight (dry weight)
- Where in the body?
- Muscle gt bone, cartilagegt skin gt other cells
- Functions?
- Energy, support, movement, metabolic reactions
(enzymes), immune system, hormones, cell tissue
growth and repair - ? Taste
- Storage sites? _____, need daily intake
-
15Protein
- Absolute amount in the food
- Amino acid composition
- Essential AAs PVT MATT HILL
- Cats vs. dogs taurine
- non-essential AAs
- Balance
- Quality Digestibilty
- Not all proteins are equal!
- Egg vs. leather
- Soy vs. meats, fish
- Cereals vs. legumes
-
16Lipid
- What is it?
- Hydrocarbon chains
- No CC bonds? Solid, _________ C-C-C-C-C
- One CC? may be solid, mono-unsaturated
C-CC-C-C-C - More CCs? Oils, polyunsaturated (PUFAs)
- C-C-CC-CC-CC
- Storage sites?
- Adipose tissue within cells (liver, kidney,
muscle, heart)
17Lipid
- Whats it good for?
- Energy (light weight because water-free)
- Cell membrane structure
- Vitamin absorption (A, D, E, K)
- Metabolic reactions
- Temperature control (insulation) protection
(padding) - ? ____________
18Lipid
- Amount in food
- Essential fatty acid composition
- n-6 fatty acids
- n-3 fatty acids
- Rancidity reason for preservatives (ex vitamin
E) - Trans fats?
19Carbohydrates
- Main Sources
- Grains
- Vegetables, legumes
- Sweets, treats
- What are they used for?
- ________ (or to dilute food calories)
- Biochemical reactions GI function
- Taste of foods? Cooked vs. raw starch
- Where are they stored?
- Plants (polysaccharides, starch, fiber)
- Animals (adipose)
20Vitamins
- Fat soluble (oxidation loss)
- A
- D
- E
- K
- Water soluble (processing loss)
- Thiamin
- Riboflavin
- Niacin
- Pantothenic Acid
- Pyridoxine (B6)
- Folic Acid
- Biotin
- B12
- C
21Minerals
- Minerals 5 of the body, cant synthesize ?
must get in food - Macro - required in large amounts. Express as
of dry diet. - __________
- ___________
- Sodium
- Chlorine
- Potassium
- ____________
- Sulfur
- Micro - required in relatively small amounts.
- Iron (Fe)
- Iodine (I)
- Copper (Cu)
- Zinc (Zn)
- Selenium (Se)
- Co, F, Mn, Mo, Cr
22Vitamins Minerals
- Uses in pet food
- Provide co-factors for key molecules of
metabolism (ex enzymes, antioxidants) - Enhance __________ of food ? acceptability
- Provide building blocks for tissues and organs
(ex Ca P for bones, vitamin C for connective
tissue) - __________ presence or absence may drive
purchase of foods supplements
23(No Transcript)
24There are rules for this, yknow
25Rules Requirements
- Labels
- Pet food supervision and regulation
- Cat and dog nutrient requirements
- Calculations
26Marketing Concepts
- Specific Purpose Food
- All Purpose Food
- Low Price
- People Food
- Variety Flavors
- Presence of a Food
- Absence of a Food
- Nutrient Content
- Product Name
27Pet Foods
- Types
- Evaluating Labels
- Evaluating diets
28Food types
- Dry foods
- Economical
- Convenient
- Dental health?
- Acidity (cats)
29Brands
- Popular
- Sold in Grocery
- Heavily advertised
- Variable formula
- Moderate digestibility
- Feeding trials
- Premium
- Vet,pet, feed stores
- Heavily advertised
- Fixed formula
- Higher digestibility
- Feeding trials
30Rules Requirements
- Labels
- Legal documents fluff
- What has to be on the label
- 1. Net weight
- 2. Food type
- 3. ______________________
- 4. Ingredient list
- 5. Nutrition claim
- 6. Correspondence address
- 7. Feeding directions
- Whats fluff?
- Words like Premium
- Starbursts, pictures, color choices
31Proximate Analysis
Feed Sample (100 gm)
Moisture
Dry Matter
Ether extraction
Nitrogen assay
Crude Fat
Fat-free residue
Crude Protein
Boil in acid and alkali
Crude fiber ash
Burn
Ash
Crude Fiber
Carbohydrate (Nitrogen-free extract) 100 - (
protein fiber ash fat)
32Rules Requirements
- Pet food supervision and regulation
33Who Regulates Pet Food Labels?
- F.D.A. A.A.F.C.O.
- F.T.C. State Law
- U.S.D.A.
USDA (FSIS) U.S. Dept of Agricultures Food
safety inspection service (hazard) FDA Food
Drug Administration FTC Federal Trade
Commission State Laws State feed control
officials AAFCO ______________________________
34State Feed Control Officer
- Ohio Dept. of Agriculture
- Reynoldsburg,OH
- (614) 866-6361
35AAFCO Feeding Studies
- Studies growth, maintenance, weight management,
gestation/lactation - Animals 8 or more per study
- Time 14 - 26 weeks (depending on study)
- Feeding ad lib
- Monitoring physical exam, body weight, CBCs,
serum chemistry panels, cats taurine - PROVIDE ____________ NOT enforcement!
36Feeding Trials FindBig ProblemsThey might miss
Small Problems
37Rules Requirements
- Cat and dog nutrient requirements
- References
- NRC National Research Council
- Nutrient requirements of dogs
- Nutrient requirements of cats
- AAFCO annual publications
- Ingredient definitions
- Diet profile requirements
- Feeding trial specifications
38Rules Requirements
- Cat and dog nutrient requirements
- Water
- 1 oz per lb. body weight
- _________________________
- 2.5 ml X grams dry matter intake
- Energy
- Kcal/day (30 X kg body weight) 70 (for
2-50kg) - Kcal/day 140kg0.75 (dog), 100kg0.75 (cat)
- Protein
- Dogs 2 g/kg body weight per day
- Cats, ferrets, foxes, polar bears __ g/kg per
day - People, cows 1 g/kg per day
39Energy
- GE total combustible energy
- DE GE - fecal energy (30)
- ME DE - (urine E gas E) (10)
- NE ME - (heat of fermentation metabolism)
(20)
GE DE ME NE
40Rules Requirements
- Calculations
- Determination of carbohydrate amount
- Determination of metabolizable energy
- Estimations of _____ requirements when eating
that diet - ______ considerations are we meeting the
animals needs?
41Calorie calculation
- Example brand-name canned cat food
- Label says
- Protein 10.0
- Fat 5.5
- Fiber 1.0
- Moisture 78
- Carbohydrate (by subtraction) 100 (10 5.5
1 78) 5.5
42Calorie calculation
- Example brand-name low calorie canned cat food
- Convert to grams
- Protein 10.0 grams
- Fat 5.5 grams
- Fiber 1.0 grams
- Moisture 78 grams
- Carbohydrate 5.5 grams
- Total 100 grams
- How many Kcal Metabolizable energy in 100 grams
of this food?
- Protein 10 g x 3.5 kcal/g 35 kcal ME
- Fat 5.5 g x 8.5 kcal/g 46.8 kcal ME
- CHO 5.5 g x 3.5 kcal/g _____ kcal ME
- Total 101 kcal/100 grams (1 kcal/g)
Let (per gram) protein 3.5 Kcal ME, CHO 3.5
Kcal ME, fat ___ Kcal ME
43Water calculation
- Cat eats 300 Kcal ME per day
- Diet provides 1 Kcal/gram ? 300 grams food intake
per day. - Diet contains 78 water ? 0.78 x ____ 238 ml
water intake per day - Cats requirement ml water Kcal ______
- Cat needs to drink about 62 ml (2oz) additional
water each day
44Protein consideration
- Cat average 5 kg (11 lb)
- Energy need 300 Kcal per day
- Water need 300 ml per day
- Protein need __ g/kg body weight 20 grams
- Food provides 10 protein
- Cat eats 300 grams/day
- Protein intake 0.10 X ___
- 30 grams/day
45Calorie calculation
- Example brand-name dry dog food
- Label says
- Protein 29.3
- Fat 17.7
- Fiber 1.8
- Moisture 8
- Ash 5.7
- Carbohydrate (by subtraction) 100 (29.3
17.7 1.8 8 5.7) _____
46Calorie calculation
- Example brand-name dry dog food
- Label says in 100 g
- Protein 29.3 g
- Fat 17.7 g
- Fiber 1.8 g
- Moisture 8 g
- Ash 5.7 g
- Carbohydrate (by subtraction) 37.5 g
- Protein 29.3 g x 3.5 kcal/g 102.5 kcal ME
- Fat 17.7 g x 8.5 kcal/g ______ kcal ME
- CHO 37.5 g x 3.5 kcal/g 131 kcal ME
- Total ____ kcal/100 grams of food (3.84
kcal/g)
47Water consideration
- Medium breed dog 20 kg (45 lb)
- Energy per day (30 x 20 kg) 70 670 Kcal
- Diet provides 3.84 Kcal/gram
- Dog needs to eat 175 grams per day of this food
- Water per day ______ ml
- Diet provides 8 moisture
- Dog eats _____ grams X 0.08 14 ml water from
this food - Dog needs to drink 656 ml (22 oz, 3 cups/day)
48Protein consideration
- Medium breed dog (20 kg)
- Energy need 670 Kcal per day
- Water need 670 ml per day
- Protein need 2 g/kg body weight 40 grams
- Food provides 29.3 protein
- Dog eats 175 grams/day
- Protein intake 0.293 X _____ 51 grams/day
49Calorie calculation
- Example medically restricted food for dogs
- Label says
- Protein 18
- Fat 12
- Fiber 4
- Moisture 10
- Carbohydrate (by subtraction) 100 (18 12
4 10) 56
50Calorie calculation
- Example brand-name dry dog food
- Label says in 100 g
- Protein 18 g
- Fat 12 g
- Fiber 4 g
- Moisture 10 g
- Carbohydrate (by subtraction) 56 g
- Protein 18 g x 3.5 kcal/g ____ kcal ME
- Fat 12 g x 8.5 kcal/g 102 kcal ME
- CHO 56 g x 3.5 kcal/g 196 kcal ME
- Total 361 kcal/100 grams of food (3.6 kcal/g)
51Water consideration
- Medium breed dog 20 kg (45 lb)
- Energy per day (30 x 20 kg) 70 670 Kcal
- Diet provides 3.6 Kcal/gram
- Dog needs to eat 186 grams per day of this food
- Water per day ______ ml
- Diet provides 10 moisture
- Dog eats ____ grams X 0.08 19 ml water from
this food - Dog needs to drink 651 ml (22 oz, 3 cups/day)
52Protein consideration
- Medium breed dog (20 kg)
- Energy need 670 Kcal per day
- Water need 670 ml per day
- Protein need 2 g/kg body weight 40 grams
- Food provides 18 protein
- Dog eats 186 grams/day
- Protein intake 0.18 X 186 ____ grams/day
53CALCULATIONS are only GUIDELINES OBSERVE the
PET!
54Look whos coming to dinner?
55Look whos coming to dinner
- How to feed
- Food intake
- Methods
- Which species
- is being fed?
- Dogs or Cats
- Considerations
- Life stage
- Body condition score (_____ COVER)
- Muscle condition/activity level
- Example weight management issues
56How to Feed
- Free choice ad libitum, ad lib.
- Meal feeding time restricted
- Meal feeding ______ restricted
57Food Intake
58How to Feed
- Free choice ad libitum, ad lib
- () convenient, low work (owner), lower stress
begging (pet), less competition, less coprophagy - (-) _____________________, monitoring food intake
- Most effective
- Kennels of active dogs
- Multi-pet households with
- no weight issues
- Pregnant or lactating pets
59How to Feed
- Meal feeding time restricted
- Owner chooses how long food is available at each
meal and how often food is offered - () any food type, pet decides amount to eat
- (-) picky or private eaters, overeating or
wolfing food (may lead to indigestion) - Works best if feeding canned or _________ foods
and for some weight management
60How to Feed
- Meal feeding ________ restricted
- Owner chooses how much food is fed AND how often
food is offered - () control over intake and time, food types,
_______________________________ - (-) more work for owner, wolfing food
(indigestion)
61Which species is being fed?
- CATS are not small dogs!
- Some dietary
- differences
- CALORIES and PROTEIN
- CAT food is high _________ high fat, SO cats
cant live on dog food, dogs get fat on cat food. - CATS need TAURINE in their diet, some large
breeds of dogs may need this too! - FATS
- CATS need _____________ ACID, dogs can make it
from other essential fatty acids
62More about cats
- Vitamins
- CATS need VITAMIN A, dogs can use ß-carotene to
make vit. A - CATS need NIACIN, dogs make it from tryptophan
- Cats are strict ________________!
63Look whos coming to dinner
- Example weight management issues
- Considerations
- Life stage neuter status
- Body condition
- Muscle condition
- ____________________
64Weight management
- ___ () of our nations pets are overweight
- Any species can be overweight dogs, cats,
reptiles, snakes, birds, rodents, fish - ________ need to learn optimal
- body condition and how to
- regulate food intake
- Animals must stay active to
- achieve optimal health and
- weight management
- Health issues