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Part D: Health

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Cat and dog nutrient requirements. References. NRC = National Research Council ... day = (30 X kg body weight) 70 (for 2-50kg) Kcal/day = 140kg0.75 (dog) ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Part D: Health


1
Part D Health Disease
2
Health Disease
  • Nutrition

Every bodys got to eat!
3
Introduction
  • All animals need nutrition
  • Basic understanding of nutrition is required
    ______ focusing on details
  • Current headlines fatty acids (trans fats,
    omega-3 vs -6 ratios), herbs supplements,
    preservatives, nutrient management for specific
    conditions

4
Introduction
  • Whats a natural diet for Cats? Dogs?
  • Do all breeds thrive on the same diet?
  • What about treats types, amounts?
  • Do pets self-regulate their intake?
  • Definitions
  • _____________
  • Refers to taste preferences do they LIKE it?
  • _____________
  • Refers to intake do they eat ENOUGH?

5
Nutrition
  • 1. Ingredients vs. nutrients
  • 2. Laws labels, requirements calculations
  • 3. How to feed what animal is being fed

6
Better living through Chemistry
  • Ingredients vs. nutrients

7
Ingredients vs. nutrients
  • Ingredients simple and complex foodstuffs that
    make up the diet
  • Nutrients ________ providing nourishment
  • Water
  • _________
  • Lipid (fat)
  • Carbohydrates
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals

8
Ingredients
  • What do you KNOW about the ingredient?
  • Name and definition
  • http//www.aafco.org/ingredient_definitions_2004.h
    tml
  • General chemical composition
  • What do you NOT know?
  • -
  • -

9
Assessing the Diet
  • General considerations
  • Performance of the animal
  • Amounts of nutrients (absolute, relative)
  • Digestibility of nutrients
  • Quality of nutrients
  • Palatability of the whole diet
  • Specific nutrient considerations
  • Remember animals eat amounts of nutrients
    not s

10
Example
  • Requirements grams/day or grams/weight but
    label gives in diet
  • Dog foods provide 14-23 protein, by label. Dogs
    need _ g protein per kg of body weight
  • Stanley weighs 10 kg 20 grams protein/day
  • Food A provides 20 protein (20 grams protein per
    100 grams of food) ? Stanley needs to eat 100
    grams of this food per day
  • Food B provides 15 protein (15 grams protein per
    100 grams of food) ? Fido needs to eat ____ grams
    of THIS food per day

11
Evaluating Nutrients
  • Water
  • Energy
  • Protein
  • Lipid (fat)
  • Minerals
  • Vitamins

12
Water
  • Requirements
  • Average 60 ml/kg (1 oz/lb weight)
  • Need more? Hot and/or humid, working, pregnant,
    lactating, life stage puppy or kitten
  • Need less? Cat lt dog, others?
  • DAILY Access to clean, fresh water
  • Temperature of the water
  • _________ or cooler is best
  • Aversions to hot or ice cold

13
Water
  • What are the sources?
  • Fresh water
  • Food (dry 10 moisture, canned 75)
  • __________________
  • What is it used for? Adequate hydration for
  • Nutrient digestion, ___________, transport
  • Biochemical reactions in the body
  • Body temperature control
  • Lubrication (ex joint fluid, tears, saliva)
  • Waste elimination

14
Protein
  • Protein ___ body weight (dry weight)
  • Where in the body?
  • Muscle gt bone, cartilagegt skin gt other cells
  • Functions?
  • Energy, support, movement, metabolic reactions
    (enzymes), immune system, hormones, cell tissue
    growth and repair
  • ? Taste
  • Storage sites? _____, need daily intake

15
Protein
  • Absolute amount in the food
  • Amino acid composition
  • Essential AAs PVT MATT HILL
  • Cats vs. dogs taurine
  • non-essential AAs
  • Balance
  • Quality Digestibilty
  • Not all proteins are equal!
  • Egg vs. leather
  • Soy vs. meats, fish
  • Cereals vs. legumes

16
Lipid
  • What is it?
  • Hydrocarbon chains
  • No CC bonds? Solid, _________ C-C-C-C-C
  • One CC? may be solid, mono-unsaturated
    C-CC-C-C-C
  • More CCs? Oils, polyunsaturated (PUFAs)
  • C-C-CC-CC-CC
  • Storage sites?
  • Adipose tissue within cells (liver, kidney,
    muscle, heart)

17
Lipid
  • Whats it good for?
  • Energy (light weight because water-free)
  • Cell membrane structure
  • Vitamin absorption (A, D, E, K)
  • Metabolic reactions
  • Temperature control (insulation) protection
    (padding)
  • ? ____________

18
Lipid
  • Amount in food
  • Essential fatty acid composition
  • n-6 fatty acids
  • n-3 fatty acids
  • Rancidity reason for preservatives (ex vitamin
    E)
  • Trans fats?

19
Carbohydrates
  • Main Sources
  • Grains
  • Vegetables, legumes
  • Sweets, treats
  • What are they used for?
  • ________ (or to dilute food calories)
  • Biochemical reactions GI function
  • Taste of foods? Cooked vs. raw starch
  • Where are they stored?
  • Plants (polysaccharides, starch, fiber)
  • Animals (adipose)

20
Vitamins
  • Fat soluble (oxidation loss)
  • A
  • D
  • E
  • K
  • Water soluble (processing loss)
  • Thiamin
  • Riboflavin
  • Niacin
  • Pantothenic Acid
  • Pyridoxine (B6)
  • Folic Acid
  • Biotin
  • B12
  • C

21
Minerals
  • Minerals 5 of the body, cant synthesize ?
    must get in food
  • Macro - required in large amounts. Express as
    of dry diet.
  •      __________
  •      ___________
  •      Sodium
  •      Chlorine
  •      Potassium
  •      ____________
  •      Sulfur
  • Micro - required in relatively small amounts.
  •      Iron (Fe)
  •      Iodine (I)
  •      Copper (Cu)
  •      Zinc (Zn)
  •      Selenium (Se)
  •      Co, F, Mn, Mo, Cr

22
Vitamins Minerals
  • Uses in pet food
  • Provide co-factors for key molecules of
    metabolism (ex enzymes, antioxidants)
  • Enhance __________ of food ? acceptability
  • Provide building blocks for tissues and organs
    (ex Ca P for bones, vitamin C for connective
    tissue)
  • __________ presence or absence may drive
    purchase of foods supplements

23
(No Transcript)
24
There are rules for this, yknow
25
Rules Requirements
  • Labels
  • Pet food supervision and regulation
  • Cat and dog nutrient requirements
  • Calculations

26

Marketing Concepts
  • Specific Purpose Food
  • All Purpose Food
  • Low Price
  • People Food
  • Variety Flavors
  • Presence of a Food
  • Absence of a Food
  • Nutrient Content
  • Product Name

27
Pet Foods
  • Types
  • Evaluating Labels
  • Evaluating diets

28
Food types
  • Dry foods
  • Economical
  • Convenient
  • Dental health?
  • Acidity (cats)

29
Brands
  • Popular
  • Sold in Grocery
  • Heavily advertised
  • Variable formula
  • Moderate digestibility
  • Feeding trials
  • Premium
  • Vet,pet, feed stores
  • Heavily advertised
  • Fixed formula
  • Higher digestibility
  • Feeding trials

30
Rules Requirements
  • Labels
  • Legal documents fluff
  • What has to be on the label
  • 1. Net weight
  • 2. Food type
  • 3. ______________________
  • 4. Ingredient list
  • 5. Nutrition claim
  • 6. Correspondence address
  • 7. Feeding directions
  • Whats fluff?
  • Words like Premium
  • Starbursts, pictures, color choices

31
Proximate Analysis
Feed Sample (100 gm)
Moisture
Dry Matter
Ether extraction
Nitrogen assay
Crude Fat
Fat-free residue
Crude Protein
Boil in acid and alkali
Crude fiber ash
Burn
Ash
Crude Fiber
Carbohydrate (Nitrogen-free extract) 100 - (
protein fiber ash fat)
32
Rules Requirements
  • Pet food supervision and regulation

33
Who Regulates Pet Food Labels?
  • F.D.A. A.A.F.C.O.
  • F.T.C. State Law
  • U.S.D.A.

USDA (FSIS) U.S. Dept of Agricultures Food
safety inspection service (hazard) FDA Food
Drug Administration FTC Federal Trade
Commission State Laws State feed control
officials AAFCO ______________________________
34
State Feed Control Officer
  • Ohio Dept. of Agriculture
  • Reynoldsburg,OH
  • (614) 866-6361

35
AAFCO Feeding Studies
  • Studies growth, maintenance, weight management,
    gestation/lactation
  • Animals 8 or more per study
  • Time 14 - 26 weeks (depending on study)
  • Feeding ad lib
  • Monitoring physical exam, body weight, CBCs,
    serum chemistry panels, cats taurine
  • PROVIDE ____________ NOT enforcement!

36
Feeding Trials FindBig ProblemsThey might miss
Small Problems
37
Rules Requirements
  • Cat and dog nutrient requirements
  • References
  • NRC National Research Council
  • Nutrient requirements of dogs
  • Nutrient requirements of cats
  • AAFCO annual publications
  • Ingredient definitions
  • Diet profile requirements
  • Feeding trial specifications

38
Rules Requirements
  • Cat and dog nutrient requirements
  • Water
  • 1 oz per lb. body weight
  • _________________________
  • 2.5 ml X grams dry matter intake
  • Energy
  • Kcal/day (30 X kg body weight) 70 (for
    2-50kg)
  • Kcal/day 140kg0.75 (dog), 100kg0.75 (cat)
  • Protein
  • Dogs 2 g/kg body weight per day
  • Cats, ferrets, foxes, polar bears __ g/kg per
    day
  • People, cows 1 g/kg per day

39
Energy
  • GE total combustible energy
  • DE GE - fecal energy (30)
  • ME DE - (urine E gas E) (10)
  • NE ME - (heat of fermentation metabolism)
    (20)

GE DE ME NE
40
Rules Requirements
  • Calculations
  • Determination of carbohydrate amount
  • Determination of metabolizable energy
  • Estimations of _____ requirements when eating
    that diet
  • ______ considerations are we meeting the
    animals needs?

41
Calorie calculation
  • Example brand-name canned cat food
  • Label says
  • Protein 10.0
  • Fat 5.5
  • Fiber 1.0
  • Moisture 78
  • Carbohydrate (by subtraction) 100 (10 5.5
    1 78) 5.5

42
Calorie calculation
  • Example brand-name low calorie canned cat food
  • Convert to grams
  • Protein 10.0 grams
  • Fat 5.5 grams
  • Fiber 1.0 grams
  • Moisture 78 grams
  • Carbohydrate 5.5 grams
  • Total 100 grams
  • How many Kcal Metabolizable energy in 100 grams
    of this food?
  • Protein 10 g x 3.5 kcal/g 35 kcal ME
  • Fat 5.5 g x 8.5 kcal/g 46.8 kcal ME
  • CHO 5.5 g x 3.5 kcal/g _____ kcal ME
  • Total 101 kcal/100 grams (1 kcal/g)

Let (per gram) protein 3.5 Kcal ME, CHO 3.5
Kcal ME, fat ___ Kcal ME
43
Water calculation
  • Cat eats 300 Kcal ME per day
  • Diet provides 1 Kcal/gram ? 300 grams food intake
    per day.
  • Diet contains 78 water ? 0.78 x ____ 238 ml
    water intake per day
  • Cats requirement ml water Kcal ______
  • Cat needs to drink about 62 ml (2oz) additional
    water each day

44
Protein consideration
  • Cat average 5 kg (11 lb)
  • Energy need 300 Kcal per day
  • Water need 300 ml per day
  • Protein need __ g/kg body weight 20 grams
  • Food provides 10 protein
  • Cat eats 300 grams/day
  • Protein intake 0.10 X ___
  • 30 grams/day

45
Calorie calculation
  • Example brand-name dry dog food
  • Label says
  • Protein 29.3
  • Fat 17.7
  • Fiber 1.8
  • Moisture 8
  • Ash 5.7
  • Carbohydrate (by subtraction) 100 (29.3
    17.7 1.8 8 5.7) _____

46
Calorie calculation
  • Example brand-name dry dog food
  • Label says in 100 g
  • Protein 29.3 g
  • Fat 17.7 g
  • Fiber 1.8 g
  • Moisture 8 g
  • Ash 5.7 g
  • Carbohydrate (by subtraction) 37.5 g
  • Protein 29.3 g x 3.5 kcal/g 102.5 kcal ME
  • Fat 17.7 g x 8.5 kcal/g ______ kcal ME
  • CHO 37.5 g x 3.5 kcal/g 131 kcal ME
  • Total ____ kcal/100 grams of food (3.84
    kcal/g)

47
Water consideration
  • Medium breed dog 20 kg (45 lb)
  • Energy per day (30 x 20 kg) 70 670 Kcal
  • Diet provides 3.84 Kcal/gram
  • Dog needs to eat 175 grams per day of this food
  • Water per day ______ ml
  • Diet provides 8 moisture
  • Dog eats _____ grams X 0.08 14 ml water from
    this food
  • Dog needs to drink 656 ml (22 oz, 3 cups/day)

48
Protein consideration
  • Medium breed dog (20 kg)
  • Energy need 670 Kcal per day
  • Water need 670 ml per day
  • Protein need 2 g/kg body weight 40 grams
  • Food provides 29.3 protein
  • Dog eats 175 grams/day
  • Protein intake 0.293 X _____ 51 grams/day

49
Calorie calculation
  • Example medically restricted food for dogs
  • Label says
  • Protein 18
  • Fat 12
  • Fiber 4
  • Moisture 10
  • Carbohydrate (by subtraction) 100 (18 12
    4 10) 56

50
Calorie calculation
  • Example brand-name dry dog food
  • Label says in 100 g
  • Protein 18 g
  • Fat 12 g
  • Fiber 4 g
  • Moisture 10 g
  • Carbohydrate (by subtraction) 56 g
  • Protein 18 g x 3.5 kcal/g ____ kcal ME
  • Fat 12 g x 8.5 kcal/g 102 kcal ME
  • CHO 56 g x 3.5 kcal/g 196 kcal ME
  • Total 361 kcal/100 grams of food (3.6 kcal/g)

51
Water consideration
  • Medium breed dog 20 kg (45 lb)
  • Energy per day (30 x 20 kg) 70 670 Kcal
  • Diet provides 3.6 Kcal/gram
  • Dog needs to eat 186 grams per day of this food
  • Water per day ______ ml
  • Diet provides 10 moisture
  • Dog eats ____ grams X 0.08 19 ml water from
    this food
  • Dog needs to drink 651 ml (22 oz, 3 cups/day)

52
Protein consideration
  • Medium breed dog (20 kg)
  • Energy need 670 Kcal per day
  • Water need 670 ml per day
  • Protein need 2 g/kg body weight 40 grams
  • Food provides 18 protein
  • Dog eats 186 grams/day
  • Protein intake 0.18 X 186 ____ grams/day

53
CALCULATIONS are only GUIDELINES OBSERVE the
PET!
54
Look whos coming to dinner?
55
Look whos coming to dinner
  • How to feed
  • Food intake
  • Methods
  • Which species
  • is being fed?
  • Dogs or Cats
  • Considerations
  • Life stage
  • Body condition score (_____ COVER)
  • Muscle condition/activity level
  • Example weight management issues

56
How to Feed
  • Free choice ad libitum, ad lib.
  • Meal feeding time restricted
  • Meal feeding ______ restricted

57
Food Intake
58
How to Feed
  • Free choice ad libitum, ad lib
  • () convenient, low work (owner), lower stress
    begging (pet), less competition, less coprophagy
  • (-) _____________________, monitoring food intake
  • Most effective
  • Kennels of active dogs
  • Multi-pet households with
  • no weight issues
  • Pregnant or lactating pets

59
How to Feed
  • Meal feeding time restricted
  • Owner chooses how long food is available at each
    meal and how often food is offered
  • () any food type, pet decides amount to eat
  • (-) picky or private eaters, overeating or
    wolfing food (may lead to indigestion)
  • Works best if feeding canned or _________ foods
    and for some weight management

60
How to Feed
  • Meal feeding ________ restricted
  • Owner chooses how much food is fed AND how often
    food is offered
  • () control over intake and time, food types,
    _______________________________
  • (-) more work for owner, wolfing food
    (indigestion)

61
Which species is being fed?
  • CATS are not small dogs!
  • Some dietary
  • differences
  • CALORIES and PROTEIN
  • CAT food is high _________ high fat, SO cats
    cant live on dog food, dogs get fat on cat food.
  • CATS need TAURINE in their diet, some large
    breeds of dogs may need this too!
  • FATS
  • CATS need _____________ ACID, dogs can make it
    from other essential fatty acids

62
More about cats
  • Vitamins
  • CATS need VITAMIN A, dogs can use ß-carotene to
    make vit. A
  • CATS need NIACIN, dogs make it from tryptophan
  • Cats are strict ________________!

63
Look whos coming to dinner
  • Example weight management issues
  • Considerations
  • Life stage neuter status
  • Body condition
  • Muscle condition
  • ____________________

64
Weight management
  • ___ () of our nations pets are overweight
  • Any species can be overweight dogs, cats,
    reptiles, snakes, birds, rodents, fish
  • ________ need to learn optimal
  • body condition and how to
  • regulate food intake
  • Animals must stay active to
  • achieve optimal health and
  • weight management
  • Health issues
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