Primary Production

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Primary Production
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Production Formation of Organic Matter

• Autotrophic Organisms
• (Plants, algae and some bacteria)
• Photosynthesis
• Chemosynthesis
• CO2 Electron Donor energy ? CH2O other
• Heterotrophic Organisms
• (most bacteria and animals)
• RESPIRATION (Autotrophs Heterotrophs)
• CH2O O2 ? CO2 H2O Energy (ATP)

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Primary Production
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Photosynthesis

• 6CO2 6H2O light ? C6H12O6 O2
• Need Co2, H2O, Light and..
• N ? DNA, RNA, Proteins
• P ? Energy Transport, DNA, RNA
• Fe ? Photosynthetic electron chain
• .

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Nutrients

• Macronutrients N, P, Si, S, Mg, K
• Micronutrients Cu, Fe, Se
• Redfield Ratios
• P N C
• SW 1 15 1000
• Phytopl. 1 16 106

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SW and FW Phytoplankton macronutrient limitation
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Oceanic Productivity Limiting Factors

• Light
• Nutrients

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Bristlecone Pine 4.723 years old!
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Kelp Forest
Macroalgae 3 Ocean Photosynthesis
www.underwaterplanet.com
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Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton 97 Ocean Photosynthesis
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Phytoplankton Dominance

• Phytoplankton
• Optimize surface area/volume
• (4/3?r2) / (4/3?r3)
• Smaller size ? larger surf. area/volume
• 5µm 1/5
• 10µm 1/10
• Small Particles sink slower
• Larger surf. area/volume ? Slower sinking

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Phytoplankton spines increase in surface for
higher floatability
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Energy Mass models
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Measuring Productivity
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Measuring Productivity

• Plant Biomass
• How much phytoplankton is there
• (mg Chl/m3) or (µg Chl/liter)
• Productivity
• A rate of how much carbon is produced per time
• g Carbon / m3 / day
• GROSS Productivity Carbon fixed through
  Photosynthesis per time
• NET Productivity Gross Prod - Respiration

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Standing Crop Plant Biomass
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Grass clippings after 1 week Productivity
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What do Chl maps really measure?
Biomass!
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Measurement of Productivity C14 incorporation
experiments
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Phytoplankton consumption grazing
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So Chl concentration is reasonable estimation of
primary productivity in surface waters
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Ecosystem Productivity(Annual net productivity)
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Ocean primary productivity
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Productivity and depth
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Open water(low productivity)
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Coastal and Estuarine waters (high productivity)
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Productivity measurements with DEPTH
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Photic Zone and Compensation Depth
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Upper Pelagic Habitats- Photic Zone
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Vertical distribution of Primary production

• Surface photoinhibition (UV light?)
• Photosynthetic Maximum
• Compensation depth
• Critical Depth
• Refers to the whole population
• Photosynthesistotal Respirationtotal

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Productivity and depth
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Critical Depth

• CRITICAL DEPTH Depth at which total primary
  productivity Total respiration
• MIXING DEPTH Depth above which all water is
  throughly mixed (WIND)
• THE PUNCHLINE
• MIXING DEPTH gt CRITICAL DEPTH Then Phytopl. are
  partially swept down and a bloom cannot not occur
• MIXING DEPTH lt CRITICAL DEPTH then a Phytopl.
  Bloom can occur

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CRITICAL DEPTH
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Nitrogen Cycle
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Phosphorous Cycle
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Figure 13.8
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Vertical distribution of Nutrients
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Atlantic Pacific nutrient distribution
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Atlantic Pacific oxygen distribution
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Nutrients distance to shore
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Phytoplankton and distance to coast
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Nutrient upwelling
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July Chlorophyll
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January Chlorophyll
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Latitudinal effects on Primary productivity
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Seasonal stratification
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Seasonal effects on Primary Productivity
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Consumers or Grazers
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Temperate Ocean Spring Bloom
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Absorption Spectrum
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Adapted Algae
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PI Curves
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