Reproductive System

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Reproductive System

• Anatomy Physiology

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Be Mature

• Use proper anatomical terms
• Joe Ask meaningful and RELAVANT questions

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Reproductive FXN

• Only body system not responsible for homeostasis

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Male Reproductive Anatomy       

• Testes produce male sperm and testosterone)
• Sperm male reproductive cells that contribute X
  and Y chromosomes
• Seminiferous tubules produce sperm
• Scrotum pouch of skin that holds the testes. 
  Scrotal skin lengthens and shrinks to maintain
  sperm temperature
• Vas deferens tubes that transport sperm from the
  testes to the ejaculatory ducts site where
  vasectomy (sterilization) occurs
• Semen fluid ejaculated during sexual arousal. 
  Made up of sperm (from testes), fluid for sperm
  nutrition (from seminal vesicle), and milky
  white fluid for semen odor and texture (from
  Prostate gland)

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Male Reproductive Anatomy       

• Urethra tube that passes urine and semen out of
  the body.  Also the entry point in males for
  STDs.
• Note semen and urine do not pass through the
  urethra at the same time.
• Glans penis sensitive tissue on the head of the
  penis with purpose for sexual stimulation.
• Epididymis superior to each testis tubular (5-6
  m) maturate sperm (takes 20 days for sperm to
  travel through)

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Male Reproductive Anatomy       

• Seminal Vesicles posterior to the urinary
  bladder secrete yellowish viscous alkaline fluid
  containing fructose, vitamin C, and coagulating
  enzymes
• Prostate Gland inferior to the urinary bladder
  produces milky white fluid which activates sperm
• Bulbourethral gland inferior to the prostate
  gland thick clear ejaculate fluid which
  neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra

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Testicles location in the scrotum

• To keep sperm 2-3C for their survival loaded
  with melanin for U.V. protection
• Cremaster muscle contracts to raise the scrotum
  closer to the body when cold, muscle relaxes
  scrotum when warm
• Leydig cells produce testosterone

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Penis

• Copulatory organ found anterior and external to
  the abdominopelvic cavity
• Corpora cavernosa engorge with blood during an
  erection
• Corpora spongiosum surrounds the urethra and
  expands distally to form the glans (head of
  penis)
• Prepuce (Foreskin) can be removed (Circumcision)

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Spermatogenesis
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How an erection forms

• Nitric oxide (NO) is released by the
  parasympathetic nervous system during arousal
  causing vasodilation Blood becomes engorged as
  the erection compresses drainage blood vessels,
  thereby retarding the outward flow of blood

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Ejaculate

• The seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and
  bulbourethral gland produce semen which
  transports and protects sperm optimally to the
  female vagina
• Semen provides sugar for sperm and a base media
  to protect against an acidic environment in the
  male urethra and female vagina
• Sperm are produced at a rate of 1 000 every
  second
• Acrosome at the tip of the head releases enzyme
  to enter the oocyte

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Female Reproductive Anatomy

• Ovary produce female eggs/ovum as well as
  estrogen progesterone
• Ovum (Egg) female reproductive cells that
  contribute X chromosomes.
• Fallopian tubes (Oviducts) tubes that transport
  ovum to the uterus passageway where
  fertilization occurs site of ectopic pregnancy
  site where tubal ligation (sterilization) occurs.

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Female Reproductive Anatomy

• Uterus also known as the womb when an egg is
  fertilized and implants in the lining of the
  uterus when no fertilized egg is present the
  lining of the uterus sheds for the menstrual
  cycle.
• Cervix lower end of the uterus an opening
  between the uterus and vagina that passes sperm,
  menstrual fluid, and a fetus.
• Vagina pathway for menstrual flow, birth canal,
  sperm, and STDs.  Opening for sexual intercourse
  and contains vaginal secretions/lubrication.

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Female Reproductive Anatomy

• Urethra opening for urine.
• Clitoris sensitive tissue with sole purpose for
  sexual stimulation.

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The maturation of a follicle

• Primary follicle becomes a secondary follicle
  when a fluid filled cavity forms.
• A secondary follicle becomes a Graafian follicle
  when the oocyte sits on a stalk.
• Ovulation occurs and the oocyte is ejected from
  the follicle. The follicle post ovulation
  becomes the corpus luteum (Yellow body) which
  degenerates.
• The corpus luteum secretes progesterone which
  thickens the uterus lining in preparation of the
  fertilized egg

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Fimbriae

• The cilia of the fimbriae beat and create a
  current in peritoneal fluid.
• Without this current the oocyte could be lost
  into the peritoneal cavity
• (The fallopian tubes do not directly connect to
  the ovaries)

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Ectopic pregnancy

• Occur when the oocyte is fertilized and it
  doesnt enter the fallopian tube, but enters the
  peritoneal cavity.
• Dangerous because it often leads to severe
  bleeding (from the aborted fetus) and peritoneal
  infection. PID could result from this infection
  and could lead to sterility (Compression of the
  oviducts) and possibly death from peritonitis.

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Uterus

• A hollow, thick walled organ which receives,
  retains, and nourishes a zygote.
• The fundus is superior to the uterus and the
  cervix (Cervical canal) is inferior to the
  uterus.
• The function of the uterus is to receive and
  implant the zygote

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External Genitalia Vulva (Pudendum)

• Lies external to the vagina and includes the mons
  pubis, labia, clitoris, and vestibular structures
•    Mons pubis round, fatty area overlying the
  pubic symphysis
•    Labia majora elongated, hair-covered, fatty
  skin folds homologous to the male scrotum
•    Labia minora hair-free skin folds lying
  within the labia major homologous to the ventral
  penis

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External Genitalia Vulva (Pudendum)

• Greater vestibular glands
•     Pea-size glands flanking the vagina
•     Homologous to the bulbourethral glands
•     Keep the vestibule moist and lubricated
• Clitoris
•     Erectile tissue hooded by the prepuce
•     Homologous to the penis

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Mammary Glands

•   Modified sweat glands consisting of 15-25
  lobes that radiate around and open at the nipple
•    Areola pigmented skin surrounding the
  nipple
•   Suspensory ligaments attach the breast to
  underlying muscle fascia
•    Lobes contain glandular alveoli that produce
  milk in lactating women
•    Compound alveolar glands pass milk to
  lactiferous ducts, which open to the outside

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Menses

•    If fertilization does not occur, progesterone
  levels fall, depriving the endometrium of
  hormonal support
•   Spiral arteries kink and go into spasms and
  endometrial cells begin to die
•   The functional layer begins to digest itself
•   Spiral arteries constrict one final time then
  suddenly relax and open wide
•   The rush of blood fragments weakened capillary
  beds and the functional layer sloughs

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Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle

• Series of cyclic changes that the uterine
  endometrium goes through each month in response
  to ovarian hormones in the blood
•       Days 1-5 Menstrual phase uterus sheds
  all but the deepest part of the endometrium
•       Days 6-14 Proliferative phase
  endometrium rebuilds itself
•       Days 15-28 Secretory phase Endometrium
  prepares for implantation of the embryo

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Female Sexual Response

• The clitoris, vaginal mucosa, and breasts engorge
  with blood
• Vestibular glands lubricate the vestibule and
  facilitates entry of the penis
• Orgasm accompanied by muscle tension, increase
  in pulse rate and blood pressure, and rhythmical
  contractions of the uterus
• Females do not have a refractory period after
  orgasm and can experience multiple orgasms in a
  single sexual experienceOrgasm is not essential
  for conception

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases

• Gonorrhea
• Bacterial infection spread by contact with
  genital, anal, and pharyngeal mucosal surfaces
• Signs and symptoms
•     In males painful urination, discharge of
  pus from the penis
•     In females none (20), abdominal
  discomfort, vaginal discharge, abnormal uterine
  bleeding
•     Left untreated, can result in pelvic
  inflammatory disease
•       Treatment antibiotics, but resistant
  strains are becoming more prevalent

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases

• Syphilis
•       Bacterial infection transmitted sexually
  or contracted congenitally
•       Infected fetuses are stillborn or die
  shortly after birth
•       A painless chancre appears at the site of
  infection and disappears in a few weeks
•       Secondary syphilis shows signs of pink
  skin rash, fever, and joint pain
•       A latent period follows, which may
  progress to tertiary syphilis characterized by
  gummas (CNS, blood vessel, bone, and skin
  lesions)
•       Treatment penicillin

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases

• Chlamydia
•       Most common STD in the U.S.
•       Responsible for 2550 of all diagnosed
  cases of pelvic inflammatory disease
•       Symptoms include urethritis penile and
  vaginal discharges abdominal, rectal, or
  testicular pain painful intercourse and
  irregular menses
•       Can cause arthritis and urinary tract
  infections in men, and sterility in women
•       Treatment is with tetracycline

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases

• Viral Infections
• Genital warts caused by human papillomaviruses
  (HPV) infections increase the risk of penile,
  vaginal, anal, and cervical cancers
• Genital herpes caused by Epstein-Barr virus
  type 2 and characterized by latent periods and
  flare-ups
•     Congenital herpes can cause malformations of
  a fetus
•     Has been implicated with cervical cancer
•     Treatment acyclovir and other antiviral
  drugs