Reproductive System

1
Reproductive System

• Male Female, A P (1)

2
I. Functions of Reproductive System

• Produces, nurtures transports ova sperm
• Secretes hormones

3
Male Reproductive System A P

• Testes (gonads)
• Functioning unit of male repro
• Contained in external sac scrotum
• Kept external for sperm viability
• Seminiferous tubules produce sperm cells
• After puberty, millions are produced qd

4
Male Reproductive A P (cont)

• Testosterone
• Responsible for the secondary sex characteristics
• Anterior pituitary gland influence production of
  male female hormones
• Initiates spermatogenesis

5
Male Reproductive A P (cont)Ductal System

• Rete Testis are cilia lined tubes which sweep
  sperm out of the testes into epididymis
• Epididymis
• Tightly coiled tube which force sperm into Ductus
  deferens (vas deferens) via sexual stimulation
  contraction

6
Male Reproductive A P (cont)Ductal System

• Epididymis
• 18 inches long
• Passes through inguinal canal into pelvic cavity
  over urinary bladder
• Nerves, vas deferens blood vessels enclosed in
  a sheath called spermatic cord
• Vasectomy results in sterility. Some live sperm
  will still be present for a while

7
Male Reproductive A P (cont)Ductal System

• Ejaculatory duct
• 1 long
• Unites with urethra as it passes through the
  prostate gland
• Urethra
• Extends the length of the penis
• Transports both urine semen
• Unable to do both at the same time

8
Male Repro. A P (cont)Accessory Glands
(Seminal Vesicles)

• Ductal system transports stores sperm
• Accessory glands produce seminal fluid (semen)
• 2 5 ml of fluid 200 500 million sperm
  released with each ejaculation

9
Male Repro. A P (cont)Accessory Glands
(Seminal Vesicles)

• Paired structures _at_ base of bladder
• Produce 60 of semen
• Released into ejaculatory ducts to meet with sperm

10
Male Repro. A P (cont)Accessory Glands
(Prostate Gland)

• Donut shaped gland that surrounds the neck of the
  bladder
• Composed of muscular glandular tissue
• Ejaculatory duct passes through posterior part of
  the gland
• Often hypertrophies (BPH) with age making voiding
  difficult

11
Male Repro. A P (cont)Accessory Glands
(Cowpers Gland)

• (AKA) bulbourethral glands
• 2 pea-sized glands under urethra
• Provide lubrication during sexual intercourse

12
Male Repro. A P (cont)Accessory Glands
(Penis)

• Organ of copulation
• Enlarged tip glans penis
• Prepuce ? skin covering the penis
• Circumcision ? removal of prepuce
• Phimosis ?tightening of the prepuce which
  prevents retraction of the foreskin over the glans

13
III. Process of Spermatogenesis

• Spermatogenesis development of spermatozoa
• Sperm, see Figure 12-2, p. 567
• Acrosome contains enzymes to digest egg cell
  membrane
• Head contains 23 chromosomes
• Mid-piece carries on metabolism to provide
  energy
• Flagellum (Tail) provides mobility

14
Process of Spermatogenesis cont

• Lives approx. 48 hrs
• Takes thousands of sperm to break the coating of
  egg for 1 sperm to enter

15
IV. Pathway of Sperm

• Testes ? rete testis ? epididymis ? through
  seminiferous tubules ? vas deferens ? through
  spermatic cord ? ejaculatory duct ? urethra ?
  outside

16
V. Male Sexual Response

• Erection Penis contains 3 columns of erectile
  tissue that dilates fills with blood with
  stimulation
• Orgasm ? pleasurable physiologic psychological
  sensations that occur _at_ the height of sexual
  stimulation
• Emission movement of sperm from testes along
  its route to urethra

17
Male Sexual Response (cont)

• Ejaculation expulsion of semen from urethra to
  the outside

18
VI. Male Hormones

• GnRH releasing hormone
• Released in the hypothalamus to stimulate the
  anterior pituitary to secrete FSH LH
• FSH follicle stimulating hormone
• Promotes spermatogenesis by stimulating the sperm
  to respond to testosterone

19
Male Hormones (cont)

• LH
• Promotes the development of interstitial cells of
  the testes secretion of testosterone
• Testosterone
• Stimulates the development of secondary male sex
  characteristics

20
I. A P Female (ovaries)

• Ovaries (gonads)
• Produce estrogen progesterone _at_ puberty
• Located bilateral to the uterus inferior to
  fimbriae
• Release a mature egg during menses
• Each ovary contains 30,000 40,000 microscopic
  ovarian follicles

21
A P Female (Genital Tract) Fallopian Tubes

• Pair of ducts opening _at_ one end into the fundus
  _at_ other end into the peritoneal cavity
• 4 long
• Fimbriae _at_ distal ends
• Lined with cilia
• Fertilization takes place in outer 1/3 of tube

22
A P Female (Genital Tract) Fallopian Tubes

• Zygote fertilized ovum moved through tube via
  peristaltic movement

23
A P Female (Genital Tract) Uterus

• Inverted pear shape 3 long
• Located between bladder rectum
• Composed of 3 layers
• Endometrium
• Myometrium
• Perimetrium

24
A P Female (Genital Tract) Uterus

• Has 3 portions
• Fundus upper, rounded portion insertion site
  of fallopian tubes
• Corpus body midsection
• Cervix lower portion which articulates with
  vagina

25
A P Female (Genital Tract) Vagina

• 3 long
• Situated between bladder rectum
• Lined with mucous membrane
• Lies in folds called rugae which allows vaginal
  stretching for birth penile acceptance
• Covering called hymen which gets ruptured during
  1st intercourse or vigorous exercise or tampon
  insertion

26
A P Female (External Genitalia) Vulva

• Mons pubis
• Mound of fatty tissue covered with coarse hair
  just superior to symphysis pubis
• Labia majora
• Large lips protect inner structures
• Contain nerve endings sebaceous sudoriferous
  glands

27
A P Female (External Genitalia) Vulva

• Labia minora
• Small lips
• Merge to form the prepuce of the clitoris
• Clitoris
• Erectile tissue which becomes engorged with blood
  during sexual stimulation
• Similar to penis in male

28
A P Female (External Genitalia) Vulva

• Vestibule
• Space beneath the labia minora
• Contains
• Clitoris
• Urinary meatus
• Hymen
• Vaginal opening
• Prepuce
• Covering of clitoris foreskin

29
A P Female Accessory Glands

• Skenes Glands paraurethral
• Responsible for secretion of mucus
• Similar to prostate gland in male
• Open into the urethra
• Bartholins Glands
• Bilateral to vaginal opening
• Lubrication during sexual intercourse
• Similar to Cowpers Gland in male

30
A P Female Perineum

• Area containing reproductive structures
• Diamond shaped
• Starts _at_ symphysis pubis ends _at_ anus

31
A P Female Mammary Glands

• Breasts are attached to pectoral muscles of the
  chest
• Change shape, size function during puberty
• The amount of adipose tissues is directly related
  to the size
• Contains 15 20 each

32
A P Female Mammary Glands

• Each lobe has many lobules which contain
  milk-producing cells ?
• Lobules empty directly into lactiferous ducts ?
• Empty into the nipple
• Nipple has erectile tissue
• Areola ? dark pink or brown tissue around the
  nipple

33
A P Female Mammary Glands

• Milk production doesnt begin until after giving
  birth
• Oxytocin allows milk release

34
II. Ovarian Follicle Development

• Primordial follicles
• Primary follicles
• Secondary follicles
• Vesicular follicles

35
Ovarian Follicle Development (cont)

• Corpus Luteum
• Follicular cells that remain in ovary after
  ovulation develops into a glandular structure
  yellow body
• Corpus Albicans
• If fertilization doesnt occur, corpus luteum
  deteriorates in 10 days white body

36
III. Female Sexual Response

• Responds to sexual stimulation with erection
  orgasm
• Clitoris
• Areola
• Enlargement of the vagina
• Secretion of fluids

37
Female Sexual Response (cont)

• Initiates a number of contractions
• Perineum
• Uterine walls
• Uterine tubes

38
IV. Hormonal Control

• GnRH
• Released in the hypothalamus to stimulate the
  anterior pituitary to secrete FSH LH
• FSH
• Released by anterior pituitary gland
• Prepares the ovum

39
Hormonal Control (cont)

• LH
• Released by anterior pituitary gland
• Causes rupture of mature ovum
• Estrogen
• Promotes maturation of the egg
• Helps develop female secondary sex
  characteristics

40
Hormonal Control (cont)

• Onset of menses
• Closure of epiphyseal discs to halt height growth
• Progesterone
• Works with estrogen to establish menstrual cycle
• Helps maintain pregnancy
• Prepares breasts for milk production during
  pregnancy by increasing secretory capacity

41
V. Ovarian Uterine Cycles (Ovarian)

• Consists of changes that occur within the ovary
  during a 28-cycle
• Has 3 phases
• Follicular phase
• Ovulatory phase
• Luteal phase

42
Ovarian Cycle (cont)

• Follicular Phase
• Hypothalamic secretion of releasing hormone
• Stimulates release of gonadotrophins by anterior
  pituitary
• FSH LH stimulate growth maturation of ovarian
  follicle

43
Ovarian Cycle (cont)

• Maturing ovarian follicle secretes large amounts
  of estrogen leading to increase in blood levels
  of estrogen

44
Ovarian Cycle (cont) (Estrogen)

• Estrogen dominates
• Has an effect on ovary uterus
• Helps maturation of ovarian follicle
• Carried to uterus by blood
• Helps build-up uterine lining
• Days 1-14

45
Ovarian Cycle (cont) (Ovulation)

• Expulsion of egg from surface of the ovary due to
  LH
• Sharp rise in LH on day 14
• Anterior pituitary released LH

46
Ovarian Cycle (cont) (Luteal)

• Corpus luteum develops
• Follicular cells of ruptured follicle on ovary
  surface form corpus leteum
• LH stimulates the corpus leteum to secrete
  progesterone estrogen
• Progesterone dominates
• Negative feedback inhibits further secretion of
  LH FSH

47
Ovarian Cycle (cont) (Luteal)

• When corpus luteum dies, secretion of
  progesterone estrogen drops
• FSH LH secretion levels rise
• Cycle is repeated

48
Uterine Cycle (Menstrual)

• Consists of changes occurring during a 28-day
  cycle
• 4 Phases
• Menstrual
• Proliferative
• Secretory
• Menopause

49
Menses (cont) Menstrual Phase

• Bleeding occurs
• Continues for approximately 3-5 days
• Loss of about 30 60 ml of blood
• Endometrial lining sloughs off

50
Menses (cont) Proliferative Phase

• Begins with end of menses
• Repair growth of endometrial lining
• Due to estrogen secretion
• Endometrial lining becomes thicker with
  additional blood vessels

51
Menses (cont) Secretory Phase

• Secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum
  ovary
• Progesterone causes thickening of endometrial
  lining
• Forming a nutritious lining for fertilized egg
• See handout

52
Menopause

• Occurs when there is a transition from a
  reproductive to a non-reproductive stage of life
• Also called climacteric

53
I. Effects of Aging on Reproductive System Male

• No menopausal period
• Sperm production is decreased but doesnt stop
• Testosterone production ? but not dramatically
• As long as older person stays healthy nothing
  prohibits normal sexual function

54
Effects of Aging on Reproductive System Female

• Menopause occurs between 35 60 average age 51
• Normal occurrence

55
Effects of Aging on Reproductive System Female
(? Estrogen)

• Vaginal loses some of its elasticity
• Breasts vulva loses some adipose tissue
  decreased tissue turgor
• Bones become brittle osteoporetic
• As long as older person stays healthy nothing
  prohibits normal sexual function

56
II. Human Sexuality Issues

• Sexual Identity
• Difference between men women
• Influenced by hormones _at_ puberty
• Gender identity
• Sometimes influenced by culture
• Sometimes gender reassignment occurs

57
Human Sexuality Issues

• Sexual Health
• Factors that interfere
• Taking a sexual history
• See Box 12-1 12-2, p. 573, AHN
• Self-help organizations

58
Illness Sexuality

• Diseases/conditions/issues can have a compound
  effect on sexual issues
• ETOH
• Rx
• Stress
• Fatigue
• Depression

59
Illness Sexuality (cont)

• DM
• ESRD
• SCI (spinal cord injuries)
• CV disease
• NS issues
• Changes to genital organs
• Changes to circulatory system