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Mineral Nutrition for Ruminants

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Mineral Nutrition for Ruminants Cobalt Essential component of B12 Required by ruminants Rumen microorganisms synthesize B12 from cobalt B12 dependent enzymes ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Mineral Nutrition for Ruminants


1
Mineral Nutrition for Ruminants
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Major Minerals
  • Major (macro) minerals
  • Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Cl, S
  • Included as in diet
  • Functions
  • Structural
  • Nerve
  • Electrolytes
  • Osmotic balance

4
Trace Minerals
  • Trace (micro) minerals
  • Cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese,
    molybdenum, selenium and zinc all required
  • Chromium-no established requirement
  • Included as ppm or ppb in diet
  • Function
  • Enzyme co-factor or component

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Mineral Deficiencies
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Milk Fever
  • Metabolic disease at/after parturition in dairy
    cows
  • Rapid in serum Ca because Ca is lost to
    colostrum secretion
  • Symptoms included lack of appetite and paralysis
  • Treatment is intravenous Ca borogluconate

7
Milk Fever Prevention
  • Include anionic salts in diet for 3-5 wks prior
    to parturition
  • mEq(Na K) mEq(Cl- SO4-)
  • Normal diet 20 to 30 mEq/100g diet
    (electrolyte balance)
  • Anionic diet -7 to -25 mEq/100g diet
  • Induces mild acidosis, which increases tissue
    responsiveness to PTH
  • Ca release from bone to serum

8
Grass Tetany
  • Hypomagnesemia in ruminants
  • Usually following lush spring growth
  • Fertilizing with K or N make it worse
  • Symptoms include muscular twitching, collapse,
    convulsion
  • Treatment is IV Mg gluconate
  • Prevent with high Mag mineral (MagOx)

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Copper, sulfur and molybdenum
  • High sulfur molybdenum thiomolybdates
  • Cu thiomolybdates insoluble complexes
  • Thiomolybdates can result in reduced Cu
    absorption and systemic metabolism

NRC, 1996
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Mineral Toxicosis
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Maximum Tolerable Levels for Ruminants
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Copper Toxicosis
  • Sheep particularly sensitive to copper
  • 5 ppm Cu
  • Excessive Cu builds up in RBC, causing Heinz-body
    formation and methemoglobin production
  • Cant bind oxygen-chocolate blood
  • Release of hemoglobin damages kidneys
  • Avoid feeding cattle mineral

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Copper Toxicosis Treatment
  • IV methylene blue to control metHb
  • Copper chelators
  • D-penicillamine
  • Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate
  • CuMo ratio of 101 or less

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Sulfur Toxicity in Ruminants
  • Dietary sulfate reduced to H2S (gas)
  • Eructate-reinhale
  • Toxic in high amounts
  • Polioencephalomalacia (PEM, brainers)

19
Brain lesions due to S toxicity
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Polioencephalomalacia (PEM)
  • Terminology
  • Polio gray matter
  • Encephalo brain
  • Malacia tissue death
  • Clinical signs
  • Subacute head pressing, circling, ataxia,
    staggering, blindness, depression, stupor
  • Acute blindness, seizures, comatose
  • Can be caused by thiamine deficiency, lead or
    salt poisoning and high sulfur diets

21
S induced PEM
  • Does not appear to be caused by thiamine or
    copper deficiency
  • No alterations of thiamine or its mono- and
    diphosphate esters in whole blood, brain,
    cerebrospinal fluid, or liver (Sager et al.,
    1990 Gould et al.,1991)
  • Thiamine treatment can help reduce symptoms
  • Increase energy availability to the brain
  • plays a key role in the tri-carboxcylic acid
    cycle and pentose shunt
  • Thiamine-supplemented groups also manifested PEM,
    even though clinical signs were not observed
    (Olkowski et al., 1992).

22
60 of ruminal gas that is eructated is inhaled
Pka of HS- 7.04
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S Induced PEM
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Oxidative Stress
  • Reactive oxygen species
  • Byproduct of cellular respiration
  • Roles in cell signalling
  • Dangerous in excess
  • Species
  • Hydroxyl
  • Superoxide
  • Hydrogen peroxide

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Oxidative Stress
  • Effects
  • DNA damage
  • Lipid peroxidation (oxidation of polyunsaturated
    fatty acids)
  • Inactivation of some enzymes (oxidation of metal
    cofactors)

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Antioxidant Capacity
  • Superoxide dismutase
  • Superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide
  • Copper-Zinc SOD-cytosol
  • Manganese SOD-mitochondria

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase
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Antioxidant Capacity
  • Catalase
  • Hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
  • Consists of 4 parts, each containing a heme
    (iron) group

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Antioxidant Capacity
  • Glutathione peroxidase
  • Hydrogen peroxide to water
  • Selenium dependent enzyme-4 selenium atoms per
    molecule

29
Iodine
  • Function- part of thyroid hormone (metabolism
    rate)
  • 70-80 of body I- is in thyroid
  • T4 (thyroxine)
  • T3 (triiodothyronine)-3 times more active than T4
  • Controls rate of energy metabolism in cells

30
Iodine
  • Deficiency
  • goiter enlarged thyroid gland
  • Plants have goitrogens (goiter creating), block
    use of iodine
  • Reduced growth
  • Impaired reproduction-dead, weak or hairless young

31
Goiter in lamb
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Selenium
  • Regulated by the FDA, because relatively low
    levels? toxic (i.e. 10x requirement)
  • Function
  • Glutathione peroxidase (antioxidant)
  • Iodothyronine 5-deiodinase-1 (T4 conversion to
    T3)

33
Selenium
  • Deficiency
  • Deficient in many areas of U.S.
  • Muscular dystrophy
  • Sheep-white muscle disease
  • Reproductive problems such as retained placenta
    and low fertility, weak newborns

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Cobalt
  • Essential component of B12
  • Required by ruminants
  • Rumen microorganisms synthesize B12 from cobalt
  • B12 dependent enzymes
  • Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
  • Methionine synthetase

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