M. M. Yagoub

1
Remote Sensing and GIS for Urban Planning 3D

• M. M. Yagoub
• Geography Program, College of HSS
• E-mail myagoub_at_uaeu.ac.ae
• http//faculty.uaeu.ac.ae/myagoub

2
Overview

• Three-Dimension (3D)
• VIRTUAL REALITY
• MULTI-MEDIA

3
3D

• 3D analysis enables users to create, analyze, and
  display surface data
• 3D is important in many applications in planning
  and landscaping, for example, road, canal, dam,
  and building construction, and simulation of air
  and water pollution.
• The new dimension that GIS has added to the 3D
  analysis is the ability to store information
  (database) about 3D objects, which is missing in
  Computer Aided Design (CAD).

4
Importance of 3D in planning

• GIS is found to be of a paramount importance in
  planning because it gives the global view
  (overlay of different layers/themes).
• However, producing maps of good quality sometimes
  may not convince the public to agree to certain
  planning projects.
• Thereby, some supporting visualization weapons
  are necessary such as aerial photographs,
  satellite imagery, 3D,video clips, and good
  simulation in virtual environment.

5
Use of 3D for landscaping

• Landscape goal include vegetation texture,
  spatial arrangement of stand types, location of
  specific treatment areas, visual quality, sun and
  light source conditions, atmospheric conditions,
  sky conditions.
• Data required for landscaping include topography
  ground surface characteristics tree size, and
  predominant species. All these data can be
  integrated in GIS
• Full featured GIS software, like ArcGIS, supports
  capabilities to enhance image rendering, such as
  atmospheric effects including sky, fog and haze.
• Recent additions also support the generation of
  map animations and virtual reality generation
  using standard MPEG encoding formats.
• However, GIS and CAD software typically does not
  have 3-D object rendering capabilities.

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Perspectives on site

• The site is a piece of real estate whose value is
  governed by its size and location. In land
  planning it is the envelope of space for which a
  land use is sought
• In planning we deal with different envelopes
  (sites) of environmental space (air, water,
  organisms) as they ultimately relate to
  prescribed piece of real estate
• The inclusion of the 3rd dimension (depth,
  height) is of important concern for groundwater
  and climatic change which affect on the formative
  processes

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Spatial dimension of the site

• The site , where ever it is located, is at the
  intersection of several flow systems that occupy
  different levels above and below the surface.
  These levels are
• The upper tier (Air flow at low levels 25-50 ft
  is low). Factory chimneys must be at high level
• The middle tier (Landscape, runoff, wetlands,
  etc.). Most activities occur in this tier
• The lower tier (Soil, bedrock, groundwater). It
  is important to know the location of the site
  with respect to the soil and bedrock (building
  foundation, fault zones, earthquake) and w.r.t.
  aquifers (recharge and discharge zones)

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Sources of environmental data for site planning

• Field investigation (small-medium sites-hundred
  acres)
• Secondary sources
• Topographic contour maps (Dep. Of Survey)
• Soil map (Dep. Of Agriculture)
• Aerial photographs (Dep. Of Survey)
• Special sources e.g. from maps or reports
  produced by municipalities

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3D from aerial photographs and satellite images

• In the past getting 3D (X,Y,Z) from aerial
  photograph is a tedious and boring process, using
  optical and mechanical stereo-plotters. In
  addition to that, a user gets only (X,Y,Z)
  without getting the maximum usage of the photo
  which carries information pertaining to color,
  size, shape and orientation of geographic
  feature, such information is very important in
  the visualization process.
• The use of digital photogrammetry has made a big
  jump in the history of 3D from aerial photograph.
  This jump has opened new frontier for integration
  of satellite imagery that has stereo-scopic
  nature such as SPOT imagery (http//www.spot.com).
  
• The advantage of digital photogrammetry can be
  seen in reduction of cost, minimization of time,
  and improvement of accuracy of 3D data derived
  from aerial photograph.

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Extraction of Building Infrastructure Using
Soft-Copy Photogrammetric Techniques
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Urban Infrastructure of Rosslyn, Virginia Derived
Using Soft-Copy Photogrammetric Techniques
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3D from Surveying and GPS

• Ground control survey (geodetic network)
• Utility location survey
• Topographic survey
• Drainage survey

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Surveying instruments
Digital level
Total station
http//www.ans.com.au/ (Leica),
http//www.gitc.nl (J.of Geomatics)
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GPS receivers
Global coverage
Handheld receiver
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3D from LIDAR?

• LIDAR (Laser Imaging detection and ranging) is
  the technology of using pulses of laser (light)
  striking the surfaces of the earth and measuring
  the time of pulse return.
• LIDAR acquisition system includes
• LIDAR sensor
• Digital camera
• GPS
• IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit)

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LIDAR Data Acquisition
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LIDAR Derived Products

• Digital surface model (DSM)
• Elevation model including vegetation, buildings
  and objects
• Digital terrain model (DTM)
• Elevation model without buildings and vegetation
• Digital elevation model (DEM)
• Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN)
• Contour lines
• Hillshades
• Volume calculations
• Data classes (post-filtering)
• Cross-section information
• Breaklines

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LIDAR Applications for 3-D Visualization

• Security Applications
• Urban Development/Planning
• Natural Resource Management
• Military Applications
• Emergency Services

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Urban Development/Planning

• Street-level development visualization
• Site design review
• Neighborhood viewshed
• Feature extraction
• Buildings
• Planimetrics (ex. sidewalks)
• Infrastructure planning

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Urban Development 3-D Visualization
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Urban Development Viewshed Analysis
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Calculation of volume data (elevation and volume
of buildings)
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UAE University-Administration Building
"One image says thousands of words"
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UAE University-Maqam CampusPanoramic View in 3D
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UAE University-Maqam CampusSheikh Zayed
Board-Realistic 3D view
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Example of 3D software

• AutoCad 3D http//www.autodesk.com
• C Tech Development-EVS True 3D
  http//www.cTech.com
• ESRI 3D Analyst (http//www.esri.com).
• GenaTIN (Genasys http//www.genasys.com)
• Vertical Mapper (MapInfo http//www.mapinfo.com)
• Imagine Virtual GIS (ERDAS http//www.erdas.com)
• Geovisual (EC joint Research Center, ISPRA,
  ITALY)
• 3-D city model (Flexiton)
• 3D Virtual White Board
• Microstation TriForma
• Landscape system (LMS)2
• Realax Terrain
• Power Scene ( http//silvae.cfr.washington.edu
  /lms/lms.html) http//www.romt.com/Products/VISTA/
  index.html
• VistaPro3
• Visual Explorer ( http//www.woolleysoft.co.uk )

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Example of 3D software-Comments

• Most of these software allow generation of 3D
  models, adding texture, draping images or other
  geographic features, fly-through, animation,
  rendering, making waves, designing sunset, and
  generation or exporting to Virtual Reality
  Modeling Language (VRML) and MPEG software for
  further animation and visual enhancement.
• Some of these software support stand level forest
  visualization and landscape rendering.
• The selection of a specific software is dependent
  on many factors such as cost, performance,
  ease-of-use, application domain, support to
  raster and vector data, and interoperability
  between platforms.

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Challenges of integrating 3D

• Large file size especially with more colors and
  details
• Long Processing time e.g. for rendering
• The increase in the computer performance has made
  a tremendous impact on 3D modeling and
  visualization tools.
• The increase can be noticed in the CPU speed (3
  Ghz), Hard disk storage (80 GB), Random Access
  Memory (2 GB), video card, and monitor
  resolution and color (large screens for
  visualization).
• The end result is that generation of 3D model
  which may take overnight in the past can now be
  done within minutes and with high accuracy and
  vivid colors.
• Difficulty for online display (Bandwidth)
• Difficulty in import/export between different
  software

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VIRTUAL REALITY

• The simple definition of Virtual Reality (VR) can
  be detected from virtual games which allow people
  to become visually and aurally immersed in a 3D
  computer generated environment that is inhabited
  by many virtual objects.
• As a user explores the virtual space, he/she
  encounters several species of computer generated
  animals, birds, and insects that move about
  independently, and interactively respond to the
  user's presence in various ways.
• The hardware configuration for games usually
  includes high performance, real-time computer,
  graphics platform, a head-coupled, stereoscopic
  color viewer, 3D localized sound cues linked to
  characters and events in the virtual space, and
  3D high-definition television (HDTV) system.
• Existing VR interaction techniques include menus,
  postures, gestures, and wands.

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Examples of Virtual Reality Games

• SIM CITY (http//www.simcity.com). This game is
  suitable for planning and landscaping scenarios.
• 3D Frogman and 3D Tetrimanial
• Tunnel Blaster and Moon Buggy
• Missile 2000, Booym, and 3D Chomper

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Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML)

• The Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) is a
  standard language for describing interactive 3-D
  objects and worlds delivered across the Internet.
  The following software support VRML on the
  internet.
• CASUS Presenter (Fraunhofer Institute for
  Computer Graphics)
• Community Place (Sony Corporation )
• Cosmo Player (Silicon Graphics, Inc )
• GLView 3.1 ( Holger Grahn ) http//home.snafu.de/
  hg/vrml/hg/index.html
• Oz Virtual (Oz inc. )
• Platinum WIRL (Platinum Technology)
• VRML 2.0 Support for Internet Explorer
  (Microsoft, Inc.)
• WorldView (InterVista Software, Inc )
• Lightwave 3D (http//www.clickgrafix.com)
• http//www2.iicm.edu/vrweb VRWeb site
• MPEG-1 players Tucows ,The Berkeley Player , Net
  Toob Multimedia Player
• A new way of visualization through the internet
  is known as Web3d. It describes any programming
  or descriptive language that can be used to
  deliver interactive 3D objects and worlds across
  the internet. This includes open languages such
  as VRML, Java3D, X3D, and any proprietary
  languages that have been developed for the same
  purpose (http//www.web3d.org/vrml/vrml.htm).

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MULTI-MEDIA

• Multi-media is the integration of sound, images,
  and videos.
• Most of the sound software are now supporting,
  high quality audio recording and play back,
  128-voice wave table synethesis for Rich MIDI
  play back, Microsoft Direct-sound, Directsound3D,
  and Sound Blaster PCI standards. Sound files can
  be available in different formats such as MID,
  MIDI, WAV, AU, and MPEG.
• Image format from remote sensing can be
  available in BIL, BIP, BSQ and those from scanned
  images can be in GIF, JPG, and TIFF format.
• While movie files are available in format such as
  MPG, MPEG, MOV, AVI, and QT.
• A complete list of extensions is available at
  (http//www.whatis.com/ff.htm) and multimedia
  tools can be found at (http//www.tucows.com or
  http//tucows.myriad.net).

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Benefits of 3D and Virtual reality for Planning

• Photo-realistic presentation with possibilities
  for navigation through the 3D city model (fly
  through) and animate on-screen designs while
  directly linking sound and video to the display
  of geo-spatial information
• Abilities to create, store, design, analyze, and
  query city objects
• Virtual reality interface that supports
  visualization, manipulation and editing of
  standard GIS data in a VR environment

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A multimedia View through hotlink and 3D map for
Langkawi Island, Malaysia
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3D for Subsurface

• Earth scientists regularly employ
  three-dimensional (3D) models that link
  interpretive insights and geophysical data to
  generate graphically interactive cross sections
  and maps
• Some of these maps can be used with time
  (four-dimension- 4-D) to visulaize temporal
  changes in subsurface oil pattern

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Example of 3D for subsurface
For borehole, mapping isovolume, geological and
environmental applications Source C Tech
Development-EVS True 3D http//www.cTech.com
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Example from C Tech Development-EVS True 3D
http//www.cTech.com
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Example showing use of 3D for Topsurface
Buildings, Surface Pollution spread, and
Subsurafce Geology
Source C Tech Development-EVS True 3D
http//www.cTech.com
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Example of 3D Books
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References

• Batty, M. , 1992. Urban Modeling in Computer
  Graphic and Geographic Information System
  Environments. Environment and Planning B., 19,
  pp. 689-708.
• Berry, J. K., Buckley, D. J., and C. Ulbricht,
  1998. Visualise Realistic Landscapes. GIS World,
  11 (8), pp.42-47.
• Bill Emison, 2006. LIDAR Applications for 3-D
  Visualization, MAPPS/ASPRS 2006 Specialty
  Conference, San Antonio, Texas.
• ESRI, 2004. Using ArcGIS 3D Analyst ArcGIS 9
  (Arcgis 9)by Editors of ESRI Press
• John R. Jensen, 2000. Remote Sensing of the
  Environment An Earth Resource Perspective,
  Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ (Chapter
  12 Remote Sensing The Urban Landscape)
• Omar Al Bahra, UAE University-Photographer
• Sisi Zlatanova, David Prosperi, 2005. Large-scale
  3D Data Integration Challenges and Opportunities
  (Gisdata), CRC, Taylor Francis, Amazon.com .
• Sheppard, S., 2000. Visualizsation Software
  Bringing GIS Application to Life, GeoEurope
  (http//geoplace.com), 9, pp. 28-30.
• Yagoub, M.M. (2001). GIS, virtual reality, and
  multimedia applications in planning and
  landscaping. Presented at The 3rd International
  Symposium on Mobile Mapping Technology (MMT), 3-5
  Jan 2001, Cairo, Egypt.